. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Gastroenterol. 2021 Jul 19;56(8):689–703. doi: 10.1007/s00535-021-01800-4

Table 1.

Summary of key intracellular signaling pathways in PMF activation

Signaling pathway	Positive regulation^a	Negative regulation^a	Primary cellular effects^b	Secondary cellular effects^b

ERK 1/2	PDGF, CTGF, PAR-2, ROS, Angiotensin II	ATRA	PMF proliferation	Collagen expression
JNK	PDGF, PAR-2, ROS	ATRA	PMF proliferation	Collagen expression
p38	PDGF, PAR-2, ROS	ATRA	PMF proliferation	Collagen expression
RhoA/ROCK1	PDGF	NA	Potentiate PDGF-induced proliferation and migration	Collagen and SMA expression
YAP1	Matricellular stress	ATRA	Potentiate TGF-β1 and PDGF signaling	NA
SMAD2/3	TGF-β1, Activin A, matricellular stress	BMP2, SMAD1/5/8, STAT1	ECM deposition	Expression of PDGFR, and CTGF

Positive and negative regulators refer to factors that activate and suppress a given signaling pathway

Primary and secondary cellular effects refer to the results of the activation of that pathway in PMFs