Table 2.

Summary of the molecular correlates of CP and PDAC risk factors and their effects on PMF activation

Risk factor	Component, metabolite, or feature	Signaling effects	Cellular effect
Alcohol	Ethanol/ acetaldehyde	ERK, JNK, and p38	Increased rate of PMF activation and α-SMA and Collagen expression
Tobacco	Nicotine	α7nAChR, JAK 2 STAT3 activation	Increased PMF proliferation and α-SMA and Collagen expression
	Aryl hydrocarbons	Increased IL-22 expression	Collagen 1 and Fibronectin expression
Obesity	Obesity (obese vs. non-obese mice)	IL-1β, AT2R1, MAPK, decreased vitamin A content	Augmented PMF proliferation and activation
	VLDL	Not studied	Increased Collagen and Fibronectin expression; Augmented PMF proliferation
	Oleic acid	Not studied	Increased PMF proliferation, TNF-α expression and Fibronectin synthesis
Diabetes	High glucose	Angiotensin II, ERK, p38	Increased PMF proliferation and expression of TGF-β1, CTGF, and α-SMA