Selected applications of graphene QDs in modified sensors and biosensors.

Sensor	Electrochemical method	Analyte	Detection limit	Linear range	Sensitivity	Ref.
GQDs-Nafion/GCE	DPV	Dopamine	0.45 nM	0.005–100 μM	0.0859 μA μM−1	138
GQD/GCE	SWV	Dopamine	—	3–100 μM	—	139
GQD-RuCl3 jCCE	Amperometry	l-Tyrosine	0.23 μM	1–937 μM	90 nA mM−1	140
Fe3O4 MNPs-GQDs-GCE	DPV	l-Tyrosine	—	0.09–230.0 μM	—	141
rAuNPs/GQDs/GCE	SWV	Dopamine	3.0 × 10−10 M	1.0 × 10−9 to 1.0 × 10−7 M	0.2245 μA μM−1	142
(GQDs-NHCH2CH2NH)/GCE	DPV	Dopamine	0.115 μM	1.0–150 μM	1306 μA mM−1 cm−2	143
His-GQD-GMA/GCE	DPV	Dopamine	2.9 × 10−10 M	1.0 × 10−9 to 8.0 × 10−5 M	−0.5482 μA μM−1	144
CS/N,GQDs@SPCE	DPV	Dopamine	0.145 μM	1.0–200.0 μM	418 μA mM cm−2	145
GCE/GQDs/Lac	CV	Epinephrine	83 nM	1.0–120.0 × 10−6 M	−2.9 mm M−1 cm−2	146
β-CD–GQD/GCE	DPV	l-Tyrosine	—	0.1–1.5 μM	863.8 μM mM−1	147
MIP/GQDs/2D-hBN/GCE	DPV	Serotonin	2.0 × 10−13 M	1.0 × 10−12 to 1.0 × 10−8 M	29.819 μA nM−1	148
GQDs/GCE	DPV	Dopamine	0.05 μM	0.4–100.0 μM	−0.6145 μA μM−1	149
GQD/SPE	DPV	Dopamine	0.05 μM	0.1–1000.0 μM	0.0745 μA μM−1	150
		Tyrosine	0.5 μM	1.0–900.0 μM	0.0495 μA μM−1
GQD-CS/CPE	Amperometry	Epinephrine	0.3 nM	0.36–380 μM	41 296 μA μM−1	151
GCE/GQDs/AuNPs	SWSV	Norepinephrine	0.15 μM	0.5–7.5 μM	4.2 × 10−7 μA L μmol−1	152
QD-TMSPED-AuNCs/GC	Amperometry	Dopamine	5 nM	5 nM to 2.1 μM	0.007 to 0.01 μA nM−1	153
		Epinephrine	10 nM	10 nM to 4.0 μM	0.01 μA nM−1
GQDs/IL/CPE	DPV	Norepinephrine	0.06 μM	0.2–400.0 μM	0.0951 μA μM−1	154