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Sulfate equivalent loss of glycosaminoglycans in the gas phase. (A) Sulfate loss in the form of neutral SO3 upon ion heating. Protonated sites are more prone to undergo decomposition. (B) Deprotonation of sulfate groups inhibits the undesirable reaction. Quaternary ammonium or metal ions (M+) may neutralize the charge of deprotonated sulfate groups, reducing intramolecular Coulomb repulsion and facilitating the removal of protons.
