Table 3.

Univariate and multivariate Cox regression for risk factors predictive of GBM in original cohort

Clinical variables		Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
		HR	95% CI	p	HR	95% CI	p
Age at diagnosis	< 55	Reference	–	–	Reference	–	–
	≥ 55	1.699	1.325–2.180	< 0.001	1.314	1.011–1.707	0.041
Gender	Male	Reference	–	–	Reference	–	–
	Female	0.626	0.482–0.814	< 0.001	0.699	0.528–0.925	0.012
KPS	≤ 80	Reference	–	–	Reference	–	–
	> 80	0.741	0.573–0.958	0.022	0.874	0.670–1.141	0.322
Hemisphere	Right	Reference	–	–	–	–	–
	Left	0.826	0.641–1.064	0.139	–	–	–
	Midline or bilateral	1.478	0.848–2.575	0.168	–	–	–
	Frontal lobe	Reference	–	–	–	–	–
	Temporal lobe	1.314	0.935–1.847	0.115	–	–	–
Location	Parietal lobe	0.893	0.553–1.443	0.645	–	–	–
	Occipital lobe	0.923	0.426–2.002	0.84	–	–	–
	Insular lobe	0.929	0.466–1.850	0.834	–	–	–
	Other regions	1.632	1.198–2.222	0.002	–	–	–
Preoperative seizures	No	Reference	–	–	–	–	–
	Yes	1.231	0.868–1.747	0.244	–	–	–
Adjuvant therapy	Yes	Reference	–	–	Reference	–	–
	No or undone	2.059	1.533–2.764	< 0.001	2.151	1.587–2.916	< 0.001
Ki67	< 30%	Reference	–	–	Reference	–	–
	≥30%	1.261	0.983–1.618	0.068	1.316	1.019–1.699	0.036
IDH-1	Mutant	Reference	–	–	Reference	–	–
	Wildtype	2.867	1.917–4.288	< 0.001	2.384	1.560–3.643	< 0.001
SIRI	Low	Reference	–	–	Reference	–	–
	High	1.843	1.431-2.373	< 0.001	1.646	1.253–2.163	< 0.001
NLR	Low	Reference	–	–	Reference	–	–
	High	1.67	1.228-2.270	0.001	1.392	1.013–1.912	0.041

Significant findings are expressed in bold and italic

Abbreviations: HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, KPS Karnofsky performance status, IDH-1 isocitrate dehydrogenase-1, SIRI systemic inflammation response index, NLR neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, PSM propensity score matching