Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression for risk factors predictive of GBM in PSM cohort
| Clinical variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p | HR | 95% CI | – | ||
| Age at diagnosis | < 55 | Reference | – | – | Reference | – | – |
| ≥ 55 | 1.976 | 1.447–2.697 | < 0.001 | 1.441 | 1.042–1.993 | 0.027 | |
| Gender | Male | Reference | – | – | Reference | – | – |
| Female | 0.613 | 0.429–0.875 | 0.007 | 0.758 | 0.521–1.101 | 0.146 | |
| KPS | ≤ 80 | Reference | – | – | Reference | – | – |
| > 80 | 0.745 | 0.543–1.022 | 0.068 | 0.83 | 0.598-1.153 | 0.267 | |
| Hemisphere | Right | Reference | – | – | – | – | – |
| Left | 0.982 | 0.724–1.332 | 0.906 | – | – | – | |
| Midline or bilateral | 1.772 | 0.817–3.846 | 0.148 | – | – | – | |
| Frontal lobe | Reference | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Temporal lobe | 1.407 | 0.930–2.130 | 0.106 | – | – | – | |
| Location | Parietal lobe | 0.892 | 0.502–1.586 | 0.698 | – | – | – |
| Occipital lobe | 0.870 | 0.314–2.416 | 0.790 | – | – | – | |
| Insular lobe | 0.734 | 0.333–1.620 | 0.444 | – | – | – | |
| Other regions | 1.353 | 0.924–1.980 | 0.121 | – | – | – | |
| Preoperative seizures | No | Reference | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.136 | 0.725–1.780 | 0.578 | – | – | – | |
| Adjuvant therapy | Yes | Reference | – | – | Reference | – | – |
| No or undone | 1.751 | 1.211–2.533 | 0.003 | 1.685 | 1.158-2.451 | 0.006 | |
| Ki67 | < 30% | Reference | – | – | – | – | – |
| ≥ 30% | 1.206 | 0.890–1.635 | 0.227 | – | – | – | |
| IDH-1 | Mutant | Reference | – | – | Reference | – | – |
| Wildtype | 3.327 | 1.989–5.566 | < 0.001 | 2.958 | – | < 0.001 | |
| SIRI | Low | Reference | – | – | Reference | – | – |
| High | 1.637 | 1.209–2.217 | 0.001 | 1.641 | – | 0.002 | |
| NLR | Low | Reference | – | – | Reference | – | – |
| High | 1.751 | 1.253–2.447 | 0.001 | 1.57 | 1.108–2.226 | 0.011 | |
Significant findings are expressed in bold and italic
Abbreviations: HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, KPS Karnofsky performance status, IDH-1 isocitrate dehydrogenase-1, SIRI systemic inflammation response index, NLR neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, PSM propensity score matching