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. 2022 Apr 29;15:47. doi: 10.1186/s13045-022-01273-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Microbiota-derived metabolites and other gut microbial signature modulation of antitumor immune responses to improve ICI efficacy. A–E Microbiota-derived metabolites target immune cells and tumor cells to modulate antitumor immunity. Inosine, SCFA, and anacardic acid promote antitumor immunity and ICI efficacy; bile acid and tryptophan attenuate antitumor immune responses. F–H Other gut microbial signature modulation of antitumor immune responses. PG, PSA, and OMV promote anti-tumor immune responses by regulating immune cells, tumor cells, and cytokines