Skip to main content
PMC home page
Respiratory Research logoLink to Respiratory Research
. 2022 Apr 28;23:104. doi: 10.1186/s12931-022-02024-7

Transcriptional inhibition of miR-486-3p by BCL6 upregulates Snail and induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition during radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis

Ziyan Yan 1,#, Xingkun Ao 2,#, Xinxin Liang 1,2,#, Zhongmin Chen 3, Yuhao Liu 1, Ping Wang 1,#, Duo Wang 1, Zheng Liu 4, Xiaochang Liu 1, Jiaojiao Zhu 1, Shenghui Zhou 2, Pingkun Zhou 1,✉, Yongqing Gu 1,2,✉
PMCID: PMC9052631  PMID: 35484551

Abstract

Background

Ionizing radiation (IR) can induce pulmonary fibrosis by causing epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), but the exact mechanism has not been elucidated. To investigate the molecular mechanism of how radiation induces pulmonary fibrosis by altering miR-486-3p content and thus inducing EMT.

Methods

The changes of miR-486-3p in cells after irradiation were detected by RT-qPCR. Western blot was used to detect the changes of cellular epithelial marker protein E-cadherin, mesenchymal marker N-cadherin, Vimentin and other proteins. The target gene of miR-486-3p was predicted by bioinformatics method and the binding site was verified by dual luciferase reporter system. In vivo experiments, adeno-associated virus (AAV) was used to carry miR-486-3p mimic to lung. Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) model was constructed by 25Gy60Co γ-rays. The structural changes of mouse lung were observed by HE and Masson staining. The expression of relevant proteins in mice was detected by immunohistochemistry.

Results

IR could decrease the miR-486-3p levels in vitro and in vivo, and that effect was closely correlated to the occurrence of RIPF. The expression of Snail, which induces EMT, was shown to be restrained by miR-486-3p. Therefore, knockdown of Snail blocked the EMT process induced by radiation or knockdown of miR-486-3p. In addition, the molecular mechanism underlying the IR-induced miRNA level reduction was explored. The increased in BCL6 could inhibit the formation of pri-miR-486-3p, thereby reducing the levels of miR-486-3p in the alveolar epithelial cells, which would otherwise promote EMT and contribute to RIPF by targeting Snail.

Conclusion

IR can exacerbate RIPF in mice by activating the transcription factor BCL6, which inhibits the transcription of miR-486-3p and decreases its content, which in turn increases the content of the target gene slug and triggers EMT.

Keywords: miR-485-3p, EMT, Snail, BCL6, Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis

Background

The incidence of chest tumors, such as breast cancer and lung cancer, is increasing every year [1, 2]. Radiotherapy is frequently used for the clinical treatment of chest tumors, although certain side effects are inevitable. Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) is a familiar complication of radiotherapy conducted for chest tumors, which presents a high incidence, complex etiology, and an extremely poor prognosis [3–7]. It has been showed that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) produces more than 30% of fibroblasts in pulmonary fibrosis models [8]. EMT refers to a process in which the epithelial cells acquire the morphology and features of mesenchymal cells. The decrease of E-cadherin and the increase of N-cadherin and Vimentin are used to indicate the occurrence of EMT. Despite the significance of the EMT process in RIPF, studies on this topic are scarce.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are believed to bind to the target messenger RNA’s 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) to regulate their expression [9]. MiRNAs are quite abundant in organisms, suggesting that they are critical to the development of disease [10–12]. However, the role of miRNAs specifically in RIPF remains to be elucidated so far. In our previous research, miR-486-3p was downregulated in RIPF mouse model through high-throughput sequencing [13]. miR-486-3p was confirmed to be expressed higher in patients with liver cirrhosis and mice with liver fibrosis. As a risk factor for liver fibrosis/cirrhosis of the liver, it mediated detoxification activity by lowering UGT1A [14]. PMN-MDSCs promote the NF-kappa B2 signal pathway by inhibiting miR-486-3p and accelerating the thyroid cancer cell invasion [15]. However, the precise involvement of miR-486-3p in RIPF has yet to be determined, and the underlying mechanism is still unknown.

Snail is known as the “master regulator” that globally regulates the EMT process [16, 17]. During cervical cancer metastasis, Snail formed complexes with PRMT5 and NuRD (MTA1) to promote EMT both in vivo and in vitro [18]. On colorectal cancer (CRC), THZ1 increases the EMT of CRC cells by enhancing the protein stability of Snail [19]. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that NF-κB can increase the stability of Snail to promote EMT and facilitate cell migration and invasion driven by inflammation [20]. Besides, Snail promotes EMT by increasing the expression level of tight junction protein Claudin-11, causing collective migration of squamous cell carcinoma [21]. Numerous experiments have established that Snail is a crucial factor in EMT and deserves further research.

In this study, we detected changes in miR-486-3p after irradiation. To probe the mechanism in this change, we analyzed the promoter region of miR-486-3p and proved a transcription factor, B cell lymphoma 6 protein (BCL6), to reduce miR-486-3p expression after IR. BCL6 is a member of the BTB/POZ zinc finger protein family [22–25] and is reported as a class of transcriptional inhibitors that can bind to specific sequences of target genes and inhibit the transcription of target genes [26–30]. It has also been reported to be highly correlated with invasiveness [31–35].

Our findings revealed that irradiation could activate BCL6, inhibit the transcription of miR-486-3p, increase the content of the target gene Snail, promotes EMT, and leads to RIPF. This study on irradiation led to the EMT, and RIPF provides a new way.

Materials and methods

Cell culture

A549 and BEAS-2B cells were purchased from the National Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures and stored in our laboratory. Genetic information for all cell lines could find in the Cellosaurus database (https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/ accessed on 18 October 2021). All the cells were grown in high-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM; HyClone, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Cat#FSP500, ExCell Bio, China), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin (Sigma Aldrich Saint Louis, MO, USA). The cells were cultivated in a humidified atmosphere at 37 °C with 5% CO2.

RNA isolation, reverse transcription, and qRT-PCR

Total RNA of cells and tissue samples was extracted by TRIzol™ reagent (Ambion, Thermo, MA, USA). Concentration and purity of the RNA was examined by Nanodrop 2000c spectrophotometer (Thermo, MA, USA). Reverse transcription was followed the manuscript of miRcute Plus miRNA first-strand cDNA synthesis kit (TIANGEN BIOTECH, Beijing, China) and the ReverTra Ace qPCR RT master mix with gDNA removal kit (Toyobo, Japan). qRT-PCR analysis was carried out triplicate using either the miRcute Plus miRNA qPCR kit (SYBR Green) (TIANGEN BIOTECH, Beijing, China) or the THUNDERBIRDTM SYBR qPCR mix (Toyobo, Japan). The following primers were used: Pri-miR-486-3p F: ACCAGGCCAAGGCTTAGCTT and R: ACCCTGACGGTCTCCTGACT; hsa-miR-486-3p F: GGGGCAGCTCAGTACA and R: GGTCCAGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTATCCT; U6 F: ATTGGAACGATACAGAGAAGATT and R: GGAACGCTTCACGAATTTG; BCL6 F: GTCCTGCAGCAGTAAGAATGCCTG and R: GGCTGTTGAGCACGATGAACTTGT; Snail F: ACCCCAATCGGAAGCCTAAC and R: TCCCAGATGAGCATTGGCA; GAPDH F: CTTTGGTATCGTGGAAGGACTC and R: GTAGAGGCAGGGATGATGTTCT.

Irradiation and transfection

6 Gy of 60Co γ-rays was used to irradiate the cells. siRNAs and miR-486-3p mimic/inhibitor were designed and purchased from GenePharma (Suzhou, China). The sequences are as follows: miR-486-3p mimic sense: CGGGGCAGCUCAGUACAGGAU and antisense: CCUGUACUGAGCUGCCCCGUU; miR-486-3p Inhibitor: CGGGGCAGCUCAGUACAGGAU. siBCL6: AGTGAAGCAGAGATGGTTT; siSnail: CAGAUGUCAAGAAGUACCATT; BCL6 overexpression plasmid were synthesized by Fenghui Biologicals (accession ID: NM_001130845). miR-486-3p promoter wild-type /mutation and Snail wild-type /mutation were obtained from TSNGKE Biotech. Cat numbers are listed below: WT-miR-486-3p promoter: Y0040634-5; MUT-miR-486-3p promoter: Y0040634-6; WT-Snail: Y0040634-1; MUT-Snail: Y0040634-2. Considering a 60 mm dish as an example, 100 nM siRNA and 4 µg/mL plasmids were transfected with lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The medium was replaced 6 h later and the cells were harvested 24 h or 48 h later.

Mice and mice treatment

Male C57BL/6 mice (6–8 weeks) were provided by Vital River Laboratory Animal Co (Beijing, China). The mice were reared in standard animal feeding environment. 25 Gy of 60Co γ-rays chest irradiation was used to establish RIPF model. Animals were randomly assigned for four groups (20 mice per group) and lung tissues were collected at 1, 2, 3, 4 month after irradiation. For the special groups of mice, we used Adeno-associated virus (AAV, purchase from GENE, Shanghai, China) for nasal feeding in the dosage of 6.84 × 1010 vg/mouse.

Western blot analysis and antibodies

Total proteins in cells and tissues were extracted with the commercial protein extraction reagent (Thermo, MA, USA, Cat#78501 and Cat#78510) for 30 min on ice. Then, centrifuge the contents at 4 °C, 12,000 rpm for 15 min and collect the supernatant. The reagent was supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (Bimake, Shanghai, China, Cat#B14001, 1:100). Bicinchoninic Acid Assay (BCA) (TIANGEN, Beijing, China, Cat#PA115) was used for measured the protein concentrations and 40 μg whole-cell lysates was used for western blot analysis. The antibodies used in this analysis were: anti-E-cadherin (CST; USA; Cat#3195S; 1:1, 000); anti-N-cadherin (CST; USA; Cat#13116S; 1:1, 000); anti-Vimentin (Abcam; USA; Cat#ab8978, 1:1, 000); anti-Snail (CST, USA, Cat#3895S, 1:1,000); anti-GAPDH (SXanta Cruz, USA; Cat#sc-25778, 1:1, 000); and anti-BCL6 (Proteintech; USA; Cat#21187-1-AP, 1:1000). The immunoreactive signals were visualized by chemiluminescence agent (Thermo, MA, USA) and the results were quantified by ImageJ software (Bethesda, MD, USA).

Immunofluorescence analysis

Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min and then followed by permeabilization using 0.3% TritonX-100 for 30 min at room temperature. After washing 3 times with PBS, cells were blocked in 10% FBS in PBS at room temperature for 1 h and incubated with primary antibody overnight at 4 °C. The antibodies used in this experiment were as follows: E-cadherin (CST, 3195S; 1:500); N-cadherin (CST, 13116S; 1:500). The next day, after washing 3 times with PBS, cells were incubated with fluorescence-labeled secondary antibodies (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA, Cat#A21202/A11037). Blocker containing DAPI (ZSGB-BIO, Beijing, China, Cat#ZLI-9557) was used for blocking. Fluorescent images were acquired using X-LIGHT V3 (CRESTOPTICS, Rome, Italy) and NIKON TI2-E (Tokyo, Japan) and the relative fluorescence densities were quantified by ImageJ software.

Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay

The JASPAR (https://jaspar.genereg.net/) and TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_71/) databases were used to predict transcription factors that bind to the miR-486-3p promoter region and target genes of miR-486-3p, respectively. The sequence of Snail was cloned into pmirGLO Daul-Luciferase vector. Mutation plasmids were performed in the binding sites. HEK-293T cells were inoculated in 24-well dishes at 50% confluency each well before transfection. Next day, co-transfected with 400 ng wild-type/mutation plasmid and 20 pmol miR-486-3p mimic. For the miR-486-3p promoter region, we constructed wild-type and mutant plasmids containing transcription factor binding sites. The two plasmids were co-transfected with the BCL6 overexpression plasmid into cells according to the previous method. After 48 h, the dual luciferase reporter kits (Promega, San Luis Obispo, WI, USA) were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and the relative luciferase activity was assayed by SpectraMax i3X (molecular device, San Jose, USA).

Histological analysis

Mouse lung tissues were immersed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 48 h at 4 °C, embedded in paraffin and cut into 5 μm thickness. Histopathological study was made using by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E; ZSGB-BIO, Beijing, China, Cat#ZLI-9610) staining and quantitated by a semi-quantitative scoring system in Szapiel [36]. Masson’s triple stain according to the Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit manuscript (Solarbio Life Science, Beijing, China, Cat#G1340) was used to detect the collagen deposition in lungs. All the histological figures were acquired using Nikon’s Eclipse E600 microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) and all the figures quantified using ImagePro Plus software (Bethesda, MD, USA).

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay

For Immunohistochemistry, paraffin-embedded lung tissue samples were dewaxed, hydrated, and washed. After neutralization of the endogenous peroxidase, the tissue was retrieved in citrate buffer (PH = 6.0) using the high-pressure antigen retrieval method. Waiting for the cooled at room temperature, the goat serum was blocked for 1 h and then incubated with primary anti-body at 4 °C for 8–10 h. The anti-body’s information as followed: anti-Snail, CST, USA, Cat#3895S, 1:200. The compatible secondary antibody was incubated for 1 h at room temperature. Sections were developed with DAB working solution (ZSGB-BIO, Beijing, China, Cat#ZLI-9019) and hematoxylin solutions were used to dye the pathological sections. All tissues were observed by microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) at 200× magnification. ImageJ was used to quantify the staining results, and H score was assigned [37].

Statistical analysis

All data were shown as mean ± SD and were calculated from three replicate experiments. Statistical analysis between two group was performed using t-test, and among the three or more groups using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, v25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). The differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

Results

miR-486-3p is significantly downregulated after the radiation treatment

In a recent work conducted by our research group, it was discovered that 6 Gy irradiation might promote EMT and modify the concentration of miRNAs in both A549 and BEAS-2B cells. [13, 38]. Lung tissues were used for miRNA microarray analysis 14 days after mice received single irradiation in the whole chest to screen out miRNAs involved in this process, and miRNAs that might be involved in ionizing radiation-induced lung epithelial-mesenchymal transition were screened by miRNA sequencing analysis. miRNAs differentially expressed (more than two folds of change) in the irradiated and control groups are shown in Fig. 1A. qRT-PCR was applied to observe miR-486-3p’s levels at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 48 h after the irradiation (Fig. 1B, C).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Open in a new tab

Ionizing radiation can reduce the expression of miR-486-3p. A A volcano plot representing differential miRNA expression between control and irradiation groups in BEAS-2B cells. B After irradiating A549 cells with 6 Gy 60Co γ-rays, the content of miR-486-3p was examined at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h and 48 h using qRT-PCR technique. C After 6 Gy irradiation of BEAS-2B cells, the levels of miR-486-3p were detected. *p < 0.05 compared with the control group

Suppression of miR-486-3p could promote EMT occurrence

Authors it is well recognized that IR cause the cells to undergo the EMT process. Whether this phenomenon was associated with miR-486-3p was investigated. In this investigation, an inhibitor of miR-486-3p was transfected into both cells. Transfection efficiency was detected by qRT-PCR (Fig. 2A, C, left). Western blot was executed to check the alterations in epithelial-mesenchymal marker (Fig. 2B, D, right). The results showed that epithelial markers decreased and mesenchymal markers increased when transfected with miR-486-3p inhibitor, which implying that the occurrence of EMT. As depicted in Fig. 2E–H, although there was clear evidence of the occurrence of the EMT process in the IR group compared to the control group, increase in the E-cadherin level and decreases in the N-cadherin and Vimentin levels were observed after miR-486-3p overexpression. This recommended that miR-486-3p overexpression could prevent the IR-induced EMT. The above experiments comprehensively demonstrated that miR-486-3p is crucial for the IR-induced EMT process.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Open in a new tab

IR downregulates miR-486-3p to promote EMT. A qRT-PCR was performed for verifying the transfection efficiency of miR-486-3p inhibitor in A549 cells. B EMT-related protein was checked by Western Blot. On the right, bar graph shows the quantitative analysis of the protein using ImageJ. C qRT-PCR was performed for verifying the transfection efficiency of miR-486-3p inhibitor in BEAS-2B cells. D EMT-related protein was checked by Western Blot in BEAS-2B cells. On the right is the protein quantitative protein mapping. E Transfection efficiency of miR-486-3p mimic in A549 cells and BEAS-2B cells (G). Detection of EMT-related proteins after transfected miR-486-3p mimic in A549 (F) and BEAS-2B cells (H), and the bar graph showed gray value analysis. *p < 0.05 compared with NC, #p < 0.05 compared with IR group.

miR-486-3p suppressed Snail expression via binding to the 3′-UTR region

We use the TargetScan to predict candidate target genes of miR-486-3p. We focused on Snail and checked the expression after irradiation. Both mRNA and protein levels showed that it was highly expressed after irradiation (Fig. 3A, B). Next, we examined the levels of Snail in mice (GSE2250) and human (GSE40839) lung fibrosis models and obtained consistent findings (Fig. 3C, D). When Snail expression was examined in both cells, decreased protein levels were observed in the miR-486-3p mimic group, while increased levels in miR-486-3p inhibitor group. (Fig. 3E, F). The binding sites are depicted in Fig. 3G. We co-transfected miR-486-3p mimic and Snail-WT/Mut plasmids into HEK-293T cells. As shown in Fig. 3H, miR-486-3p mimics greatly reduced the luciferase activity of Snail-WT, but this phenomenon did not occur in the Snail-Mut group.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Open in a new tab

miR-486-3p directly target Snail. A The mRNA of Snail is detected by qRT-PCR in both cells after 6 Gy irradiation at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 48 h. B Detection of protein changes of Snail at 0 h,3 h,6 h,48 h after irradiation in both cells. C Mice (GSE2250) and D human (GSE40839) lung fibrosis models (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi) show the change of Snail proteins. E The change of miR-486-3p and Snail mRNA levels were checked by qRT-PCR after transfected miR-486-3p inhibitor and mimic. F The protein change of Snail after transfected miR-486-3p inhibitor and mimic. G Putative binding site of miR-486-3p within the 3′UTR region of Snail and mutant sequences. F Results of dual luciferase reporter activity assays in HEK-293T cells. *p < 0.05

miR-486-3p suppressed radiation-induced EMT by targeting Snail

To confirm whether miR-486-3p was regulated the EMT process through Snail, siSnail was transfected post-IR or co-transfected with miR-486-3p. It was observed that Snail knockdown after irradiation significantly increased E-cadherin and caused the rebound of N-cadherin and Vimentin (Fig. 4A). As depicted in Fig. 4B, in the group with miR-486-3p and Snail co-knockdown, a rebound of the epithelial marker occurred, and the mesenchymal markers were further decreased, indicating that siSnail could significantly inhibit the EMT process induced by the knockdown of miR-486-3p. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis was performed. Red fluorescence indicated E-cadherin, and green fluorescence indicated N-cadherin. Upon irradiation or miR-486-3p knockdown, red fluorescence was diminished, while the area and the relative fluorescence intensity of green fluorescence were increased. However, upon Snail knockdown in both conditions, the area and the relative fluorescence intensity of red fluorescence were higher compared to those observed upon irradiation or miR-486-3p knockdown. In contrast, green fluorescence was weakened after the Snail knockdown (Fig. 4C, D, left). Besides, a quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence was performed by ImageJ software (Fig. 4C, D, right). In short, the knockdown of Snail significantly inhibited the process of EMT induced by either irradiation or miR-486-3p knockdown.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Open in a new tab

The siSnail inhibits IR-induced EMT and knockdown miR-486-3p-induced EMT. A Transfection of siSnail after irradiation of both cells using 6 Gy and detection of EMT-related protein expression. The bar graph shows the gray value analysis. B Transfection of miR-486-3p inhibitor and siSnail in both cells to examine changes of EMT-related proteins and the bargraph shows the gray value analysis. C In A549 cells, immunofluorescence experiments were used to analyze E-cadherin and N-cadherin changes in knockdown Snail after IR and IR. The histogram is a quantitative analysis of the relative fluorescence intensity and area. The scale bar represents 50 µm. D In A549, transfection with miR-486-3p and then knockdown of Snail was examined for changes in E-cadherin and N-cadherin. The scale bar represents 50 µm. On the right is the quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity and area. *p < 0.05 compared with NC, #p < 0.05 compared with IR + NC or inhibitor + NC

BCL6 inhibited miR-486-3p expression at the transcriptional level

To find the reason for the decrease of miR-486-3p, we first examined the content of pri-miR-486-3p after irradiation. As shown in Fig. 5A, irradiation reduced pri-miR-486-3p levels in different cells. According to the JASPAR and animal TF databases, BCL6 binding site is present on the miR-486-3p promoter. Thereafter, the effect of IR on BCL6 was investigated, which revealed an increase in the expression of BCL6 after irradiation in both A549 and BEAS-2B cells (Fig. 5B, C). Similarly, we found increased expression of BCL6 in the datasets of mouse (GSE2250) and human (GSE40839) lung fibrosis models (Fig. 5D). BCL6 was overexpressed in both A549 and BEAS-2B cells, and subsequently, the expressions of pri-miR-486-3p and miR-486-3p were evaluated. The qRT-PCR results revealed that upon BCL6 overexpression, the production of both pri-miR-486-3p and miR-486-3p exhibited a significant decrease (Fig. 5E, F). Moreover, the binding site between miR-486-3p promoter region and BCL6 was predicted (Fig. 5G). The results of the dual luciferase reporter system showed that the relative fluorescence of the wild-type miR-486-3p promoter was significantly reduced after BCL6 overexpression, while little change occurred in the control group (Fig. 5H). Therefore, it was inferred that BCL6 exerted a repressive effect on the promoter region of miR-486-3p. BCL6 inhibits the activity of the miR-486-3p promoter region, thereby weakening the transcription process.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

Open in a new tab

IR actives BCL6 which regulates miR-486-3p transcription. A Detection of pri-miR-486-3p expression at different time after irradiation of both cells using qRT-PCR. B Detection of BCL6 mRNA expression at different time after irradiation using qRT-PCR. C Changes of transcription factor BCL6 protein levels at different time after irradiation. D, E Changes of pri-miR-486-3p and miR-486-3p after overexpress BCL6 in both cells. F Schematic diagram of the binding site of BCL6 and miR-486-3p promoter region. G Dual luciferase reporter system validates the binding site. *p < 0.05

BCL6 promoted EMT via the BCL6/miR-486-3p/Snail axis upon IR

Since BCL6 could inhibit miR-486-3p after irradiation which could promote EMT, we overexpressed BCL6 in both cells. It was found that E-cadherin was meaningfully diminished and N-cadherin, Vimentin were significantly increased, implying that the EMT process was stimulated upon BCL6 overexpression (Fig. 6A). Next, the effect of BCL6 knockdown was analyzed. It may be observed in Fig. 6b, E-cadherin, the levels of which were reduced by IR, exhibited a rebound after BCL6 knockdown. Moreover, the levels of N-cadherin and Vimentin, which increased after IR, exhibited a certain decrease upon BCL6 knockdown (Fig. 6B). Moreover, BCL6 overexpression in the cells immediately followed by overexpressing miR-486-3p. The experimental results showed that when both BCL6 and miR-486-3p were overexpressed in the cells, EMT caused by BCL6 overexpression was significantly inhibited (Fig. 6C). Subsequently, BCL6 was overexpressed in the cells, followed by Snail knockdown. The results revealed that knockdown of Snail could effectively inhibit BCL6-induced EMT (Fig. 6D). All above demonstrated that IR could reduce the expression of miR-486-3p by activating BCL6, increase the Snail levels, and promote EMT.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

Open in a new tab

BCL6 promote EMT by repress miR-486-3p expression following IR. A Overexpression of BCL6 in two types of cells to check the changes of EMT-related proteins. B Knockdown of BCL6 after irradiation and observation of EMT and target protein expression in two cell types. C Firstly, BCL6 was overexpressed in cells and then transfected with miR-486-3p mimic to check the related proteins change. D Overexpression of BCL6 in cells and then knockdown of the target gene Snail, observation of changes in EMT-related proteins. On the right, the protein gray value analysis was showed. *p < 0.05 compared with NC; #p < 0.05 compared with OE-BCL6

Irradiation induces RIPF through the BCL6/miR-486-3p/Snail signaling axis

Irradiation (25 Gy) of mouse lungs was used to establish RIPF model and to verify whether miR-486-3p could inhibit the RIPF process in vivo. An AAV vector was used to stably carry miR-486-3p mimic specifically into mouse lung. The experimental groups of mice are shown in Fig. 7A. As shown in Fig. 7B, the miR-486-3p contents in mouse lung were examined. Compared with Normal group, the miR-486-3p levels were significantly lower in IR and IR + NC group but highly expressed in IR + mimic group. As a good indication, miR-486-3p content was continuously highly expressed after lung injection using AVV. Next, the mice lung tissue was evaluated using HE staining and marking the score (Fig. 7C, D). Through pathological changes and scores, compared with the control group, the alveolar structure of mice in the irradiation group was changed and fibroblasts were proliferated. Alveolar septum widened significantly, showing patchy fibrosis changes, pulmonary fibrosis significantly. In the Masson staining, it was observed that collagen deposition significantly increased in the irradiated group (Fig. 7E, F). However, in the IR + mimic group, alveolar density and alveolar septum thickness were meaningfully reduced compared to the irradiated group.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 7

Open in a new tab

BCL 6 mediates RIPF via miR-486-3p/Snail Axis. A Mice were divided into four groups: Normal (Nor), irradiated alone (IR), irradiated after lung administration (AAV + NC, IR + NC), irradiated after lung administration (AAV + mimic, IR + mimic). B miR-486-3p levels in irradiated mouse lung tissue (n = 5) at different time using qRT-PCR. C, D H&E staining (n = 5) and the score of lung tissue, scale bar, 100 µm. E Masson’s staining (n = 5) and the Relative content quantitation of Collagen. G Alterations of pulmonary fibrosis-related protein levels in lung tissue after 4 months of irradiation. On the right, the bar graph shows the gray value analysis. H Changes in transcription factor BCL6 and target proteins in different groups after irradiation. I Snail expression in lung tissues by immunohistochemical experiment. J Quantitative analysis of IHC (n=5). *p < 0.05 compared with Normal; #p < 0.05 compared with IR + NC

Next, collagen and α-SMA was examined in tissues (Fig. 7G). The results showed that the contents of the two proteins in the irradiated group were significantly higher than the unirradiated group, which indicated that the mouse RIPF model was established successfully after irradiation. However, when we overexpressed miR-486-3p in vivo, the contents of both collagen and α-SMA significantly reduced, which also proved the reversal effect of miR-486-3p on RIPF process. Furthermore, both BCL6 and Snail increased in irradiated group, while only Snail exhibited a significant decrease in IR + mimic group (Fig. 7H). In addition, Snail expression in lung tissue was detect by immunohistochemical. We found that the positive expression rate of Snail was lower than that in IR and IR + NC, which indicated that Snail was the downstream target protein of miR-486-3p (Fig. 7I, J). These results demonstrated that irradiation causes an increase in BCL6 and a decrease in miR-486-3p in lung tissue, triggering the RIPF process. When we overexpressed miR-486-3p, the content of the target gene, Snail, significantly reduced, and the degree of RIPF was also significantly reduced. This suggested that miR-486-3p could be a potential target to interfere with the RIPF process.

Discussion

The mechanism of RIPF, one of the serious complications affecting the survival and prognosis of tumor patients, is still unknown. In the biological process, EMT converts epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells, increases fibroblast content, and accelerates RIPF [39]. Snail plays a key role in the development of RIPF as an activator of EMT [40–42]. However, the molecular mechanism of IR regulating Snail needs further investigation.

MiRNAs have been reported to play critical roles in radiation-induced lung injury [43–45]. The results of this study revealed that miR-486-3p exerts its biological effects by affecting EMT, which is a key link in the RIPF process. Several studies have suggested that miR-486-3p has several important biological functions. It has been reported that miR-486-3p is under-expressed in lung cancer. miR-486-3p mimic can reduce the weight of transplanted tumor in vivo [46]. Downregulation of miR-486-3p mediates CEMIP promoting NPC proliferation and extracellular matrix production in intervertebral disc degeneration [47]. In addition, overexpression of miR-486-3p promoted cell growth and proliferation, while knockdown of the target gene DDR1 significantly inhibited cell growth and increased apoptosis [48]. Here, miR-486-3p was identified to be a repressor of RIPF, which can decelerate the onset and development of RIPF by silencing the expression of Snail and thereby suppressing the IR-induced EMT process. The present study provides a suitable model for studying IR-induced EMT and enriches the overall understanding of the RIPF. In vivo studies showed that miR-486-3p was successfully expressed in the lung of mice by AAV vector, which could eliminate the alveolar septum thickening, tissue denseness and collagen deposition induced by irradiation. It reveals the key role of miR-486-3p in the process of RIPF and may become a potential therapeutic target for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Transcription factors are a group of protein molecules that bind to specific sequences of genes and regulate gene production at the transcriptional level [49]. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of the promoter region of miR-486-3p and predicted the transcription factor binding domain of the promoter region using an online database. BCL6, a class of transcriptional repressors, was previously reported to promote the growth, migration, and metastatic ability of breast cancer cells [50–52]. BCL6 was first reported to be involved in the inflammatory response and can participate in the inflammatory response in vivo in conjunction with multiple inflammatory factors [53–56]. Therefore, it was highly expressed in various tumors, thereby promoting tumor invasion and metastasis [57–60]. However, its relationship with irradiation has not been reported. It is observed that irradiation-induced increase in BCL6 is one of the important reasons for the decrease in miR-486-3p caused by IR. In addition, a lot of work was carried out to confirm the regulation of miR-486-3p and its target gene Snail by BCL6. We reported for the first time that BCL6 was up-regulated in lung tissue after irradiation and affected the pathological changes of tissues by regulating the generation of miRNA in vivo. However, the regulatory mechanism of BCL6 involved in radiation-induced diseases needs more research.

Conclusions

As indicated by Fig. 8, our study provides definitive evidence that IR caused a decrease in miR-486-3p, and suggests that this decrease was due to an increase in transcription inhibitory factor BCL6. Our study also demonstrated that miR-486-3p inhibits the EMT process by inhibiting its target gene Snail; thus, alleviating the RIPF. Our result is very consistent because both in vivo and in vitro reached the same conclusion. Although this study demonstrated that changes in the BCL6/MIR-486-3p/Snail axis induced EMT and promoted the formation of RIPF, it is still far away from elucidating the mechanism of RIPF. We believe that in the future, there will be more experimental studies to fully explain the development of the RIPF that could help patients suffering from the disease.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8

Open in a new tab

Working model of EMT induction by IR-activated transcription factor BCL6 via miR-486-3p/Snail.BCL6 was activated and increased after IR, and binding to the promoter region of miR-486-3p inhibited the transcription of miR-486-3p, resulting in a decrease in pri-miR-486-3p content. pri-miR-486-3p reduction led to a decrease in miR-486-3p content and weakened the silencing effect of miR-486-3p on Snail. Thus, the above figure describes a complete Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis through the BCL6/miR-486-3p/Snail axis

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

RIPF

Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis

EMT

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition

IR

Ionizing radiation

miRNA

MicroRNA

3′-UTR

3′-Untranslated region

BCL6

B cell lymphoma 6 protein

α-SMA

Alpha-smooth muscle actin

A549

Human alveolar type II epithelial cancer cell

BEAS-2B

Human normal lung epithelial cell

HEK-293T

Human embryonic kidney cells

qRT-PCR

Real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction

siRNA

Small interfering RNA

AAV

Adeno-associated virus

NC

Negative control

ANOVA

One-way analysis of variance

Author contributions

ZY, X.L., X.A and P.W. designed the research, conducted most animal and cell experiments, and drafted the manuscript; YL conducted animal and cell experiments; DW, ZL, XL, JZ and SZ helped with some experiments; PZ revised the manuscript, project administration; YG conceived and designed the study; project administration; supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81773359, 82073488, 31470827 and 31870847).

Data availability

The data is available on the request.

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at the Military Academy of Medical Sciences, proceeded following the Laboratory Animal Guideline of Welfare and Ethics of China.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Footnotes

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Ziyan Yan, Xingkun Ao, Xinxin Liang and Ping Wang contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

Contributor Information

Pingkun Zhou, Email: zhoupk@nic.bmi.ac.cn.

Yongqing Gu, Email: yqgu96@163.com.

References

  • 1.Ardila D, Kiraly AP, Bharadwaj S, Choi B, Reicher JJ, Peng L, et al. End-to-end lung cancer screening with three-dimensional deep learning on low-dose chest computed tomography. Nat Med. 2019;25:954–961. doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0447-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Yeh JM, Lowry KP, Schechter CB, Diller LR, Alagoz O, Armstrong GT, et al. Clinical benefits, harms, and cost-effectiveness of breast cancer screening for survivors of childhood cancer treated with chest radiation : a comparative modeling study. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173:331–341. doi: 10.7326/M19-3481. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Hanania AN, Mainwaring W, Ghebre YT, Hanania NA, Ludwig M. Radiation-induced lung injury: assessment and management. Chest. 2019;156:150–162. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.03.033. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Clarke M, Collins R, Darby S, Davies C, Elphinstone P, Evans V, et al. Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet. 2005;366:2087–2106. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67887-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.De Ruysscher D, Faivre-Finn C, Nestle U, Hurkmans CW, Le Péchoux C, Price A, et al. European organisation for research and treatment of cancer recommendations for planning and delivery of high-dose, high-precision radiotherapy for lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:5301–5310. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.30.3271. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Recht A, Comen EA, Fine RE, Fleming GF, Hardenbergh PH, Ho AY, et al. Postmastectomy radiotherapy: an American society of clinical oncology, American society for radiation oncology, and society of surgical oncology focused guideline update. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2016;6:e219–e234. doi: 10.1016/j.prro.2016.08.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Henderson TO, Amsterdam A, Bhatia S, Hudson MM, Meadows AT, Neglia JP, et al. Systematic review: surveillance for breast cancer in women treated with chest radiation for childhood, adolescent, or young adult cancer. Ann Internal Med. 2010;152:444–55; w144–54. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  • 8.López-Novoa JM, Nieto MA. Inflammation and EMT: an alliance towards organ fibrosis and cancer progression. EMBO Mol Med. 2009;1:303–314. doi: 10.1002/emmm.200900043. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Meyer SM, Williams CC, Akahori Y, Tanaka T, Aikawa H, Tong Y, et al. Small molecule recognition of disease-relevant RNA structures. Chem Soc Rev. 2020;49:7167–7199. doi: 10.1039/D0CS00560F. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Hausser J, Zavolan M. Identification and consequences of miRNA-target interactions-beyond repression of gene expression. Nat Rev Genet. 2014;15:599–612. doi: 10.1038/nrg3765. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Rupaimoole R, Calin GA, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK. miRNA deregulation in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Discov. 2016;6:235–246. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-0893. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Li Z, Rana TM. Therapeutic targeting of microRNAs: current status and future challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014;13:622–638. doi: 10.1038/nrd4359. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Liu Z, Liang X, Li X, Liu X, Zhu M, Gu Y, et al. MiRNA-21 functions in ionizing radiation-induced epithelium-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by downregulating PTEN. Toxicol Res. 2019;8:328–340. doi: 10.1039/C9TX00019D. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Paulusch S, Kalthoff S, Landerer S, Jansen C, Schierwagen R, Klein S, et al. Regulation of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A expression by miRNA-214-5p and miRNA-486-3p. Epigenomics. 2021;13:271–283. doi: 10.2217/epi-2020-0244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Chen L, Xiong L, Hong S, Li J, Huo Z, Li Y, et al. Circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells facilitate invasion of thyroid cancer cells by repressing miR-486-3p. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(8):2704–2718. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa344. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Peinado H, Olmeda D, Cano A. Snail, Zeb and bHLH factors in tumour progression: an alliance against the epithelial phenotype? Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7:415–428. doi: 10.1038/nrc2131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Lourenço AR, Coffer PJ. SOX4: joining the master regulators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition? Trends Cancer. 2017;3:571–582. doi: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.06.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Gao J, Liu R, Feng D, Huang W, Huo M, Zhang J, et al. Snail/PRMT5/NuRD complex contributes to DNA hypermethylation in cervical cancer by TET1 inhibition. Cell Death Differ. 2021;28:2818–2836. doi: 10.1038/s41418-021-00786-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Zhou Y, Lu L, Jiang G, Chen Z, Li J, An P, et al. Targeting CDK7 increases the stability of Snail to promote the dissemination of colorectal cancer. Cell Death Differ. 2019;26:1442–1452. doi: 10.1038/s41418-018-0222-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Wu Y, Deng J, Rychahou PG, Qiu S, Evers BM, Zhou BP. Stabilization of snail by NF-kappaB is required for inflammation-induced cell migration and invasion. Cancer Cell. 2009;15:416–428. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.03.016. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Li CF, Chen JY, Ho YH, Hsu WH, Wu LC, Lan HY, et al. Snail-induced claudin-11 prompts collective migration for tumour progression. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21:251–262. doi: 10.1038/s41556-018-0268-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Hatzi K, Melnick A. Breaking bad in the germinal center: how deregulation of BCL6 contributes to lymphomagenesis. Trends Mol Med. 2014;20:343–352. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.03.001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Cardenas MG, Oswald E, Yu W, Xue F, MacKerell AD, Jr, Melnick AM. The expanding role of the BCL6 oncoprotein as a cancer therapeutic target. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23:885–893. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2071. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Fearon DT, Manders P, Wagner SD. Arrested differentiation, the self-renewing memory lymphocyte, and vaccination. Science. 2001;293:248–250. doi: 10.1126/science.1062589. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Basso K, Dalla-Favera R. Roles of BCL6 in normal and transformed germinal center B cells. Immunol Rev. 2012;247:172–183. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01112.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Kurosu T, Fukuda T, Miki T, Miura O. BCL6 overexpression prevents increase in reactive oxygen species and inhibits apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic reagents in B-cell lymphoma cells. Oncogene. 2003;22:4459–4468. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206755. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Tiberi L, Bonnefont J, van den Ameele J, Le Bon SD, Herpoel A, Bilheu A, et al. A BCL6/BCOR/SIRT1 complex triggers neurogenesis and suppresses medulloblastoma by repressing Sonic Hedgehog signaling. Cancer Cell. 2014;26:797–812. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.10.021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Béguelin W, Teater M, Gearhart MD, Calvo Fernández MT, Goldstein RL, Cárdenas MG, et al. EZH2 and BCL6 cooperate to assemble CBX8-BCOR complex to repress bivalent promoters, mediate germinal center formation and lymphomagenesis. Cancer Cell. 2016;30:197–213. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.07.006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Valls E, Lobry C, Geng H, Wang L, Cardenas M, Rivas M, et al. BCL6 antagonizes NOTCH2 to maintain survival of human follicular lymphoma cells. Cancer Discov. 2017;7:506–521. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-1189. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Duan S, Cermak L, Pagan JK, Rossi M, Martinengo C, di Celle PF, et al. FBXO11 targets BCL6 for degradation and is inactivated in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Nature. 2012;481:90–93. doi: 10.1038/nature10688. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Sun C, Li S, Yang C, Xi Y, Wang L, Zhang F, et al. MicroRNA-187-3p mitigates non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development through down-regulation of BCL6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;471:82–88. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Fan Q, Meng X, Liang H, Zhang H, Liu X, Li L, et al. miR-10a inhibits cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis by targeting BCL6 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Protein Cell. 2016;7:899–912. doi: 10.1007/s13238-016-0316-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Pei Y, Banerjee S, Jha HC, Sun Z, Robertson ES. An essential EBV latent antigen 3C binds Bcl6 for targeted degradation and cell proliferation. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13:e1006500. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006500. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Li H, Hu B, Hu S, Luo W, Sun D, Yang M, et al. High expression of BCL6 inhibits the differentiation and development of hematopoietic stem cells and affects the growth and development of chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2021;12:18. doi: 10.1186/s40104-020-00541-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Jiao J, Lv Z, Zhang P, Wang Y, Yuan M, Yu X, et al. AID assists DNMT1 to attenuate BCL6 expression through DNA methylation in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines. Neoplasia. 2020;22:142–153. doi: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.01.002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Szapiel SV, Elson NA, Fulmer JD, Hunninghake GW, Crystal RG. Bleomycin-induced interstitial pulmonary disease in the nude, athymic mouse. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979;120:893–899. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1979.120.4.893. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Huang R, Bai C, Liu X, Zhou Y, Hu S, Li D, et al. The p53/RMRP/miR122 signaling loop promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition during the development of silica-induced lung fibrosis by activating the notch pathway. Chemosphere. 2021;263:128133. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Wang D, Liu Z, Yan Z, Liang X, Liu X, Liu Y, et al. MiRNA-155-5p inhibits epithelium-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by targeting GSK-3β during radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2021;697:108699. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108699. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Chen Z, Wu Z, Ning W. Advances in molecular mechanisms and treatment of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Transl Oncol. 2019;12:162–169. doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.09.009. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Nagaraja SS, Nagarajan D. Radiation-induced pulmonary epithelial–mesenchymal transition: a review on targeting molecular pathways and mediators. Curr Drug Targets. 2018;19:1191–1204. doi: 10.2174/1389450119666180207092234. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Nagarajan D, Melo T, Deng Z, Almeida C, Zhao W. ERK/GSK3β/Snail signaling mediates radiation-induced alveolar epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012;52:983–992. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.11.024. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Yi M, Liu B, Tang Y, Li F, Qin W, Yuan X. Irradiated human umbilical vein endothelial cells undergo endothelial–mesenchymal transition via the Snail/miR-199a-5p axis to promote the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:4135806. doi: 10.1155/2018/4135806. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Xie L, Zhou J, Zhang S, Chen Q, Lai R, Ding W, et al. Integrating microRNA and mRNA expression profiles in response to radiation-induced injury in rat lung. Radiat Oncol. 2014;9:111. doi: 10.1186/1748-717X-9-111. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Hu Z, Tie Y, Lv G, Zhu J, Fu H, Zheng X. Transcriptional activation of miR-320a by ATF2, ELK1 and YY1 induces cancer cell apoptosis under ionizing radiation conditions. Int J Oncol. 2018;53:1691–1702. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4497. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Lei X, He N, Zhu L, Zhou M, Zhang K, Wang C, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate radiation-induced lung injury via miRNA-214-3p. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2021;35:849–862. doi: 10.1089/ars.2019.7965. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Pan J, Huang G, Yin Z, Cai X, Gong E, Li Y, et al. Circular RNA FLNA acts as a sponge of miR-486-3p in promoting lung cancer progression via regulating XRCC1 and CYP1A1. Cancer Gene Ther. 2021;29(1):101–121. doi: 10.1038/s41417-021-00293-w. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Cui S, Zhang L. circ_001653 silencing promotes the proliferation and ECM synthesis of NPCs in IDD by downregulating miR-486-3p-mediated CEMIP. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2020;20:385–399. doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.01.026. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Retracted]
  • 48.Chou ST, Peng HY, Mo KC, Hsu YM, Wu GH, Hsiao JR, et al. MicroRNA-486-3p functions as a tumor suppressor in oral cancer by targeting DDR1. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019;38:281. doi: 10.1186/s13046-019-1283-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Rambout X, Dequiedt F, Maquat LE. Beyond transcription: roles of transcription factors in pre-mRNA splicing. Chem Rev. 2018;118:4339–4364. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00470. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Walker SR, Liu S, Xiang M, Nicolais M, Hatzi K, Giannopoulou E, et al. The transcriptional modulator BCL6 as a molecular target for breast cancer therapy. Oncogene. 2015;34:1073–1082. doi: 10.1038/onc.2014.61. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Wang YQ, Xu MD, Weng WW, Wei P, Yang YS, Du X. BCL6 is a negative prognostic factor and exhibits pro-oncogenic activity in ovarian cancer. Am J Cancer Res. 2015;5:255–266. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Yu JM, Sun W, Hua F, Xie J, Lin H, Zhou DD, et al. BCL6 induces EMT by promoting the ZEB1-mediated transcription repression of E-cadherin in breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2015;365:190–200. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Ichii H, Sakamoto A, Kuroda Y, Tokuhisa T. Bcl6 acts as an amplifier for the generation and proliferative capacity of central memory CD8+ T cells. J Immunol. 2004;173:883–891. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.883. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Tsuyama N, Danjoh I, Otsuyama K, Obata M, Tahara H, Ohta T, et al. IL-6-induced Bcl6 variant 2 supports IL-6-dependent myeloma cell proliferation and survival through STAT3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;337:201–208. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.036. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Sawant DV, Sehra S, Nguyen ET, Jadhav R, Englert K, Shinnakasu R, et al. Bcl6 controls the Th2 inflammatory activity of regulatory T cells by repressing Gata3 function. J Immunol. 2012;189:4759–4769. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201794. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.He J, Wu M, Xiong L, Gong Y, Yu R, Peng W, et al. BTB/POZ zinc finger protein ZBTB16 inhibits breast cancer proliferation and metastasis through upregulating ZBTB28 and antagonizing BCL6/ZBTB27. Clin Epigenet. 2020;12:82. doi: 10.1186/s13148-020-00867-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57.Fernando TM, Marullo R, Pera Gresely B, Phillip JM, Yang SN, Lundell-Smith G, et al. BCL6 evolved to enable stress tolerance in vertebrates and is broadly required by cancer cells to adapt to stress. Cancer Discov. 2019;9:662–679. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-1444. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Gao M, Herlinger AL, Wu R, Wang TL, Shih IM, Kong B, et al. NAC1 attenuates BCL6 negative autoregulation and functions as a BCL6 coactivator of FOXQ1 transcription in cancer cells. Aging. 2020;12:9275–9291. doi: 10.18632/aging.103203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59.Li Y, Wang Z, Lin H, Wang L, Chen X, Liu Q, et al. Bcl6 preserves the suppressive function of regulatory T cells during tumorigenesis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:806. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00806. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Guo J, Liu Y, Lv J, Zou B, Chen Z, Li K, et al. BCL6 confers KRAS-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer resistance to BET inhibitors. J Clin Investig. 2021 doi: 10.1172/JCI133090. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

The data is available on the request.

Articles from Respiratory Research are provided here courtesy of BMC

RESOURCES