Fig. 3.

Crosstalk between malignant cells and PSCs. Factors produced by PSCs increase via several signalling pathways proliferation of malignant cells, perineural invasion, metastasing and chemoresistance. Both PSCs and malignant cells regulates angioneogenesis. Proliferation of malignant cells and hypoxia due to low blood supply increases activation of PSCs. Abbreviations: PDGF: platelet derived growth factor, VEGF – vascular endotelial growth factor, TGF – tumour growth factor; miRNA – microRNA; ECM – extracellular matrix; FGF – fibroblast growth factor; NGF – nerve growth factor; ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinases; JAK-Janus kinase; PDA – pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Modified from: Bynigeri et al. (2017)