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. 2020 Jun 4;10(36):21561–21581. doi: 10.1039/d0ra03672b

Selected applications of CPEs to environment pollution analysis.

Analyte Modifier Electrochemical method Linear range Detection limit Ref.
Fomesafen Carbon nanotube (CNT) SWV 0.30–40 mg L−1 0.089 mg L−1 182
Methyl parathion ZrO2-nanoparticles SWV 5.0–3000.0 ng mL−1 2.0 ng mL−1 183
Diazinon Carbon nanotubes (CNTS) DPV 1 × 10−10 to 6 × 10−8 M 4.5 × 10−10 M 184
Cd(ii) Bismuth nanoparticles SWASV 1–100 ppb 0.81 ppb 192
Pb(ii) 1–100 ppb 0.65 ppb
Ni(ii) 10–150 ppb 5.47 ppb
Cd2+ Antimony nanoparticles (SbNPs)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) SWASV 10.0–60.0 μg L−1 0.77 μg L−1 193
Pb2+ 0.65 μg L−1
Pb2+ Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) SWASV 50–500 μg L−1 9.178 μg L−1 194
Cd2+ 200–700 μg L−1 86.327 μg L−1
Cu2+ 200–700 μg L−1 85.373 μg L−1
Cd2+ Graphene/TMU-16-NH2([Zn2(NH2-BDC)2(4-bpdh)]·3DMF) metal–organic framework (MOF) [graphene/MOF (TMU-16-NH2)] DPV 0.7–120 μg L−1 0.2 μg L−1 195
Cu2+ Silica nanoparticles/Schiff base ligand (L/SiO2 NPs) SWASV 4.0–400.0 ng mL−1 0.28 ng mL−1 196
Cd2+ 5.0–700.0 ng mL−1 0.54 ng mL−1
Hg2+ Carbon ionic liquid/ion imprinted polymeric (IIP) nanobeads DPV 0.5 nM to 2.0 μM 0.1 nM 197
Sn2+ Clinoptilolite nano-particles (CNP)/hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide surfactant (HDTMA)/dithizone (DZ) CNP/HDTMA/DZ SWV 1 × 10−8 - 1 × 10−2 M 9 × 10−9 M 198
Silver(i) Poly(methylene disulfide) nanoparticles (PMDSNPs) DPASV 3.0 × 10−12 to 1.0 × 10−9 M 1.0 × 10−13 M 199
Silver(i) Magnetic silver ion imprinted polymer nanoparticles (mag-IIP-NPs) Fe3O4@SiO2@IIP DPV 0.05–150 μg L−1 15 ng L−1 200
Sulfite Benzoylferrocene (BF)/ionic liquid (n-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluoro phosphate)/graphene nano-sheets SWV 5.0 × 10−8 to 2.5 × 10−4 M 20.0 nM 205
Hydrazine Ionic liquid (2-(4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolinyl)-N′-phenyl hydrazinecarbothioamide)/magnetic core/shell Fe3O4@SiO2/MWCNT nanocomposite SWV 7.0 × 10−8 to 5.0 × 10−4 M 40.0 nM 206
Sulfite Ferrocene (FC)/multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) SWV 0.4–120.0 μM 0.1 μM 207
Hydroxylamine Benzoylferrocene (BF)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) SWV 0.9–400.0 μM 0.1 μM 208
Hydrazine 3-(4-Amino-3-hydroxy-biphenyl-4-yl)-acrylic acid/ZrO2 nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) SWV 2.5 × 10−8 to 5.0 × 10−5 M 14 nM 209
Hydrazine TiO2 nanoparticles/quinizarine (TiO2 NPs/QZ) DPV 0.5–1900.0 μM 77 nM 210
Hydroxylamine TiO2 nanoparticles/quinizarine (TiO2 NPs/QZ) DPV 1.0–400.0 μM 0.173 μM 211
Hydrazine TiO2 nanoparticles/Mn(iii) salen SWV 3 × 10−8 to 4.0 × 10−4 M 10.0 nM 212
Hydroxylamine Carbon nanotubes and 2,7-bis(ferrocenyl ethyl) fluoren-9-one (2,7-BF) SWV 5.0 × 10−8 to 5.0 × 10−4 M 15.0 nM 213
Hydroxylamine 1,1-Bis(phenylacetyl)ferrocenele/NiO/CNTs nanocomposite (1,1-BPF/NiO/CNTs) SWV 0.5–250.0 μM 0.2 μM 214
Hydroxylamine CdO nanoparticles (CdO/NPs) SWV 0.09–650.0 μM 0.06 μM 215
Hydroxylamine Promazine hydrochloride (PHC)/multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) DPV 0.17–10.0 mM 1.4 nM 216
Hydroxylamine 8,9-Dihydroxy-7-methyl-12H-benzothiazolo[2,3-b]quinazolin-12-one -ZnO/CNTs (DMBQ/ZnO NPs/CNTs) SWV 0.09–350 μM 0.04 μM 217
Hydrazine ZnO/CNTs nanocomposite/N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzamide (ZnO/CNTs/HPDB) LSV 0.02–550.0 μM 8.0 nM 218
Hydrazine Gold-copper bimetallic nanoparticles supported on nano P zeolite (Au–Cu/NPZ) CV 0.01–150 mM 0.04 μM 219
Hydrazine Silver-doped zeolite L nanoparticles (Ag/L) CV 10 μM to 4.0 mM 1.5 μM 220
Hydrazine β-Nickel hydroxide nanoplatelets Amperometry 1.0–1300.0 μM 0.28 μM 221
Nitrite Chitosan-functionalized silver nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotube (chit-AgNPs/MWCNT) Cyclic voltammograms 100 nM to 50 μM 30 nM 222
Paracetamol SnO2/SnS nanocomposite DPV 1.0 to 36.0 μM 0.06 μM 223