| Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) |
Good electrical conductivity, high chemical stability, high mechanical strength, high surface area, high ability to mediate electron transfer reactions with electroactive species in solution |
122, 126, 141, 142, 148, 149, 151, 167, 168, 170–173, 182, 184, 207, 208, 213 and 216
|
| Graphene |
Extremely large specific surface area, good electrical conductivity, high electrocatalytic activity, strong mechanical strength, extremely high thermal conductivity, good biocompatibility, good hydrophilicity and dispersibility in water, high electron mobility at room temperature |
139,143,152–154,169,205
|
| CNTs based nanocomposite |
Improve the electrical and mechanical properties of the composites by CNTs, possess the properties of individual CNTs, metal-NPs, metal oxide- NPs,… with a synergistic effect, excellent catalytic properties of nanoparticles without losing any of the electronic properties of CNTs |
121, 123, 125, 146, 150, 162, 193, 206, 214, 217, 218 and 222
|
| ZnO NPs |
Wide band gap (3.37 eV), large excitation binding energy (60 eV), high exciton, biocompatibility, low-cost synthesis, non-toxicity, better electrochemical activities, chemical and photochemical stability, high-electron communication features |
124
|
| SiO2 NPs |
Large active surface area and high accumulation efficiency |
127 and 196
|
| TiO2 NPs |
Good biocompatibility, high conductivity, low cost, optical transparency |
129, 138, 144, 166 and 210–212
|
| ZrO2 NPs |
Thermal stability, biocompatibility, chemical inertness, and affinity for the groups containing oxygen, affinity for phosphate groups, good conductivity |
128, 145, 147, 183 and 209
|
| MgO NPs |
Good electrical conductivity |
159
|
| ZnFe2O4 NPs |
Interesting electronic and magnetic properties, chemical and thermal stability, large specific surface area, low bandgap and high conductivity |
164 and 175
|
| CdO NPs |
Lower density, higher surface area, and distinct optical property |
215
|
| β-Nickel hydroxide nanoplatelets |
Relative stability in alkaline medium, the formation of Ni(OH)2/NiOOH redox couple on the electrode surface in alkaline medium, accelerate electron transfer |
221
|
| SnO2
|
A large band gap of 36 eV, catalytic activity, good compatibility and biocompatibility, non-toxic, inexpensive, green material, good chemical stability and medium conductivity |
223
|
| Ni NPs |
Enhance electrode conductivity and surface area, facilitate the electron transfer, improve the detection limit of analyte |
137
|
| Bi NPs |
High surface area |
192
|
| Au NPs |
Finely tunable optical properties, high surface area, capacity for surface modification, superior stability, complete recovery in biochemical redox processes, less toxic |
194
|
| Quantum dot |
Very small size, large specific surface area, excellent biocompatibility, quantum cavity electrochemical conductivity |
140 and 160
|
| Nanozeolite |
High exchange ability, adsorption capacity, increased surface area, decreased diffusion path lengths, presence of more pore entrances per weight amount of zeolite, enhanced diffusion rates and reactivities |
198, 219 and 220
|
| Metal–organic framework nanostructure |
Extensive porosity, tunable pore sizes, large internal surface area and high degree of crystallinity, good chemical stability in aqueous media and electrochemical oxidation/reduction capability |
130 and 195
|
| Y2O3 nanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (Y2O3NPs/N-rGO) |
Available nitrogen sources, biocompatible C–N microenvironment, the low production cost, high electrical conductivity and many chemically active sites |
158
|
| Reduced graphene oxide/ZnO nanocomposite (rGO/ZnO-NC) |
Wide band gap, non-toxicity, large surface area, excellent conductivity and electrocatalytic activity |
161
|
| Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) |
Very high specific surface areas, good adsorption of several species, intrinsic electrocatalytic activity |
163
|
| SnO2–Co3O4@rGO nanocomposite |
Large electroactive surface area and good electrical conductivity |
165
|
| Al2O3-supported palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs@Al2O3) |
High mechanical strength and compressive strength of Al2O3-supported |
176
|
| Carbon ionic liquid/ion imprinted polymeric nanobeads (IIP-CIL) |
High potential and selectivity in trace and ultratrace analyses, high adsorption capacities, improved sensitivity, high stability and durability against harsh chemical environments |
197
|
| Poly(methylene disulfide) nanoparticles (PMDSNPs) |
The presence of S–S bonds in their main chains, the ability to interact with silver ions |
199
|
| Magnetic silver ion imprinted polymer nanoparticles (mag-IIP-NPs) Fe3O4@SiO2@IIP |
Simple and convenient to prepare, high selectivity, fast mass transfer, high surface area and good sorption capacity |
200
|
