3D printing of lignin composites.

Biomass species	Printing methods	Highest contents of the biomass	Other materials	Ref.
Lignin from spruce	FDM	40 wt%	PLA	87
Softwood kraft lignin		3 wt%	PLA (matrix), TC (medicine)	88
Lignin (from Pinus radiata wood chips)		50 wt%	PHB	89
Lignin		20 wt%	PLA	90
Kraft lignin, beech organosolv lignin and beech lignosulfonate		15 wt%	PLA	91
Organosolv hardwood lignin		40 wt%	ABS, NBR41, carbon fiber	92
Softwood kraft lignin; organosolv hardwood lignin		60 wt%	ABS, NBR41, Nylon 12, carbon fiber	93
Softwood kraft lignin	SLA	1 wt%	Commercial methacrylate resin	86
Organosolv lignin		3 wt%	Polyurethane acrylate/morpholine/tripropylene glycol diacrylate	95
Lignin modified by MA		15 wt%	Ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate/aliphatic urethane acrylate/urethane acrylate	41