Table 4.
Post-intervention outcomes by study group.
| Unadjusted Analyses * | Adjusted Analyses † | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | OMT Group Mean (SE) | Waiting Period Group Mean (SE) | Between-Group Difference (95% CI) ‡ | P-value, Effect Size (d) | OMT Groupy LS Mean (SE) | Waiting Period Group LS Mean (SE) | Between-Group Difference (95% CI) ‡ | P-value, Effect Size (d) |
| Average pain | 4.26 (0.33) | 5.16 (0.27) | −0.90 (−1.75, −0.05) | 0.039, d=0.49 | 4.20 (0.25) | 5.22 (0.25) | −1.02 (−1.72, −0.32) | 0.005, d=0.67 |
| Current pain | 3.58 (0.34) | 4.86 (0.32) | −1.28 (−2.21, −0.36) | 0.007, d=0.64 | 3.71 (0.25) | 4.73 (0.26) | −1.02 (−1.75, −0.30) | 0.006, d=0.65 |
| NDI (%) | 29.30 (1.9) | 36.50 (1.6) | −7.20 (−12.2, −2.3) | 0.005, d=0.68 | 30.2 (1.4) | 35.5 (1.4) | −5.30 (−9.2, −1.3) | 0.010, d=0.62 |
| FABQ work | 12.92 (1.53) | 13.92 (1.30) | −1.00 (−5.01, 3.01) | 0.621, d=0.11 | 13.31 (1.17) | 13.52 (0.18) | −0.21 (−3.53, 3.11) | 0.896, d=0.03 |
| FABQ physical activity | 11.39 (0.88) | 12.30 (0.82) | −0.91 (−3/30, 1.50) | 0.456, d=0.17 | 11.50 (0.52) | 11.74 (0.52) | −0.24 (−2.59, 1.49) | 0.593, d=0.13 |
| PROMIS Profile pain interference | 56.28 (1.34) | 57.75 (0.76) | −1.47 (−4.56, 1.63) | 0.349, d=0.22 | 57.04 (0.84) | 56.97 (0.85) | 0.07 (−2.32, 2.47) | 0.950, d=0.02 |
| PROMIS Profile satisfaction with participation in social roles | 45.97 (1.36) | 46.36 (1.02) | −0.39 (−3.80, 3.02) | 0.820, d=0.05 | 45.58 (1.00) | 46.76 (1.01) | −1.18 (−4.02, 1.65) | 0.408, d=0.19 |
| PROMIS Profile sleep disturbance | 51.97 (0.89) | 56.51 (1.34) | −4.54 (−7.73, −1.35) | 0.006, d=0.66 | 53.11 (0.95) | 56.36 (0.96) | −3.25 (−6.95, −1.54) | 0.003, d=0.72 |
| PROMIS Profile fatigue | 54.77 (1.02) | 56.65 (1.41) | −1.88 (−5.34, 1.58) | 0.283, d=0.25 | 54.09 (0.97) | 57.35 (0.99) | −3.26 (−6.04, −0.48) | 0.022, d=0.55 |
| PROMIS Profile depression | 46.60 (1.18) | 50.66 (1.46) | −4.06 (−7.78, −0.34) | 0.033, d=0.50 | 47.33 (0.75) | 49.92 (0.76) | −2.59 (−4.73, −0.45) | 0.018, d=0.56 |
| PROMIS Profile anxiety | 48.52 (1.23) | 51.28 (1.48) | −2.76 (−6.64, 1.11) | 0.159, d=0.33 | 49.23 (0.99) | 50.54 (1.00) | −1.31 (−4.13, 1.51) | 0.358, d=0.22 |
| PROMIS Profile physical function | 46.13 (1.19) | 44.00 (1.05) | 2.13 (−1.04, 5.30) | 0.184, d=0.31 | 45.75 (0.78) | 44.40 (0.79) | 1.35 (−0.87, 3.57) | 0.228, d=0.28 |
OMT=osteopathic manipulative treatment; SE=standard error; CI=confidence interval; LS=least square; NDI=Neck Disability Index; FABQ=Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire; PROMIS= Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.
*
The unadjusted estimates of treatment effects on the outcomes were obtained from the t-tests comparing the two experimental groups.
†
The adjusted estimates of treatment effects were obtained from general linear models relating outcomes at T1 to experimental group and baseline value of the outcome.
‡
Significant (p<0.05) differences are bolded.