Table 2.
Demographic, lifestyle and general health comorbidities of participants according to the presence of depression and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
|
|
Individuals with NAFLD
|
Individuals without NAFLD
|
||||
|
|
No depression (n = 207)
|
Depression (n = 28)
|
P
value
|
No depression (n = 327)
|
Depression (n = 27)
|
P
value
|
| Age, mean ± SD | 59.91 ± 6.34 | 60.15 ± 6.00 | 0.9433 | 60.02 ± 7.32 | 59.61 ± 8.44 | 0.9813 |
| Male, % | 115 (55.56%) | 8 (28.57%) | 0.0073 | 125 (38.23%) | 6 (22.22%) | 0.0978 |
| White, % | 197 (95.17%) | 27 (96.43%) | 0.7671 | 316 (96.64%) | 24 (88.89%) | 0.0471 |
| Smoking status, % | ||||||
| Current | 19 (9.18%) | 4 (14.29%) | 0.3934 | 41 (12.58%) | 6 (22.22%) | 0.1563 |
| Former | 86 (41.55%) | 12 (42.86%) | 0.8949 | 133 (40.80%) | 8 (29.63%) | 0.2549 |
| Non-smoker | 102 (49.28%) | 12 (42.86%) | 0.5236 | 152 (46.63%) | 13 (48.15%) | 0.8789 |
| Regular exercise, % | ||||||
| Physically inactive | 69 (33.33%) | 17 (60.71%) | 0.0048 | 75 (22.94%) | 10 (37.04%) | 0.0992 |
| Moderate physical activity | 86 (41.55%) | 5 (17.86%) | 0.0157 | 129 (39.45%) | 10 (37.04%) | 0.8051 |
| Ideal physical activity | 52 (25.12%) | 6 (21.43%) | 0.6706 | 123 (37.61%) | 7 (25.93%) | 0.2259 |
| Obesity, % BMI | ||||||
| Lean | 13 (6.28%) | 2 (7.14%) | 0.8609 | 232 (70.95%) | 23 (85.19%) | 0.1132 |
| Overweight | 118 (57.00%) | 17 (60.71%) | 0.7094 | 95 (29.05%) | 4 (14.81%) | 0.1132 |
| Obese | 76 (36.71%) | 9 (32.14%) | 0.6365 | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | ------- |
| History of CVD, % | 14 (6.76%) | 3 (10.71%) | 0.4488 | 21 (6.42%) | 2 (7.41%) | 0.8417 |
| History of arthritis, % | 21 (10.14%) | 8 (28.57%) | 0.0054 | 37 (11.31%) | 2 (7.41%) | 0.5331 |
| History of any cancer, % | 46 (22.22%) | 3 (10.71%) | 0.1595 | 47 (14.37%) | 1 (3.70%) | 0.1196 |
| Insulin resistance, % | 97 (46.86%) | 12 (42.86%) | 0.6902 | 47 (14.37%) | 1 (3.70%) | 0.1196 |
| Hypertension, % | 44 (21.26%) | 7 (25.00%) | 0.6519 | 61 (18.65%) | 5 (18.52%) | 0.9861 |
| Hyperlipidemia, % | 177 (85.51%) | 24 (85.71%) | 0.9767 | 226 (69.11%) | 19 (70.37%) | 0.8918 |
| Diabetes, % | 50 (24.15%) | 5 (17.86%) | 0.4601 | 16 (4.89%) | 3 (11.11%) | 0.1682 |
| Metabolic syndrome1, % | 91 (43.96%) | 11 (39.29%) | 0.6394 | 21 (6.44%) | 2 (7.41%) | 0.8451 |
CVD: Cardiovascular disease; SD: Standard deviation; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NCEP ATP III (2005 revision).
1
P value by nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test for continuous variables, chi-square test for categorical variable. Data are presented as the mean ± SD for numerical variables and count (%) for categorical variables.