Table 5.
Symptom and well-being outcomes from baseline to 4 weeks.
| Outcome | Per-protocol sample (n=113)a | Intention-to-treat sample (N=185)b | |||||||||
|
|
Baseline, mean (SD) |
4 weeks, mean (SD) |
ΔMean (% change)c |
P value | Effect sized | Baseline, mean (SD) |
4 weeks, mean (SD) |
ΔMean (% change)c |
P value | Effect sized | |
| Anxiety symptoms (GAD-7e) |
13.30 (4.31) |
8.54 (4.61) |
–4.76 (–35.81) |
<.001 | 1.03 | 13.28 (4.39) |
10.18 (5.14) |
–3.10 (–23.32) |
<.001 | 0.70 | |
| Perceived stress (PSS-4f) |
8.96 (2.39) |
7.08 (2.29) |
–1.88 (–21.03) |
<.001 | 0.72 | 8.89 (2.41) |
7.73 (2.48) |
–1.16 (–13.07) |
<.001 | 0.52 | |
| Depressive feelings (PHQ-8g) |
11.67 (5.47) |
7.77 (4.98) |
–3.90 (–33.39) |
<.001 | 0.75 | 11.99 (5.55) |
9.40 (5.66) |
–2.59 (–21.61) |
<.001 | 0.55 | |
| Emotion regulation (DERS-SFh) |
45.97 (11.86) |
39.39 (11.30) |
–6.57 (–14.30) |
<.001 | 0.58 | 47.01 (13.09) |
42.95 (13.49) |
–4.05 (–8.63) |
<.001 | 0.43 | |
| Optimism (LOT-Ri) |
7.05 (3.49) |
8.16 (3.15) |
1.11 (15.75) |
<.001 | 0.49 | 7.33 (3.57) |
8.09 (3.39) |
0.75 (10.30) |
<.001 | 0.39 | |
aPer-protocol analyses only included participants who completed both survey assessments.
bFor intention-to-treat analyses, baseline responses were carried forward for nonresponders.
cNegative values indicate decreases compared to baseline.
dEffect sizes constitute Cohen d.
eGAD-7: 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale.
fPSS-4: 4-item Perceived Stress Scale.
gPHQ-8: 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale.
hDERS-SF: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale–Short Form; negative values on the DERS-SF indicate better emotional regulation (ie, fewer difficulties with emotional regulation).
iLOT-R: Life Orientation Test–Revised; positive values on the LOT-R indicate more optimism.