Fig. 4. Anti-bacterial activities (a) of the culture supernatants of IEC-6 cells as well as E. coli translocation across the cell monolayer with flavanol treatment of 24 (b) or 48 h (c). The unheated and heated quercetin and myricetin were used at 5 μmol L−1. Different letters above the columns indicate that one-way ANOVA of the means differs significantly (p < 0.05). The asterisks indicate the significance from the control cells determined by the chi-squared tests.
