The characteristics of SPWs and DWsa.
| Parameters | Unit | SPWs | DWs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Free chlorine | mg L−1 | 0.5 ± 0.5 (<0.05–2.0) | 0.3 ± 0.3 (<0.05–0.9) |
| Combined chlorine | mg L−1 | 0.4 ± 0.4 (0.1–1.4) | 0.2 ± 0.2 (N.A.b to 0.6) |
| Total chlorine | mg L−1 | 0.9 ± 0.7 (0.2–3.0) | 0.5 ± 0.4 (<0.05–1.0) |
| Conductivity | μs cm−1 | 766 ± 464 (394–2188) | 397 ± 84 (337–593) |
| pH | — | 7.5 ± 0.3 (6.9–8.1) | 7.6 ± 0.2 (7.3–8.0) |
| UV254 | cm−1 | 0.08 ± 0.10 (0.03–0.53) | 0.04 ± 0.02 (0.03–0.10) |
| Turbidity | NTU | 0.6 ± 0.5 (0.2–2.9) | 0.6 ± 0.3 (0.3–1.4) |
| TOC | mg L−1 | 15 ± 14 (4–64) | 7 ± 7 (0.3–24) |
| DOC | mg L−1 | 13 ± 14 (1–63) | 6 ± 7 (0.2–24) |
| TN | mg L−1 | 11 ± 5 (4–24) | 3 ± 2 (1–7) |
| HAAsc | μg L−1 | 241 ± 87 (62–407) | 19 ± 7 (11–35) |
a
The SPW and DW samples were collected independently from 27 swimming pools and 15 drinking water taps.
b
The combined chlorine was not available when total chlorine was less than the detection limit of 0.05 mg L−1, therefore indicated as N.A.
c
HAAs were the sum of CAA, BAA, DCAA, DBAA, and TCAA.