Table 2.
The most common host-target repurposed drugs for COVID-19.
| Drug | Mechanism of Action | main indication |
|---|---|---|
| Azithromycin | Inhibition translation of mRNA | Macrolide antibiotic |
| Carrimycin | Inhibition translation of mRNA | Macrolide antibiotic |
| Doxycycline | Inhibition bacterial protein synthesis | Tetracycline antibiotic |
| Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine | Increase of lysosomal pH in antigen-presenting cells | Malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Nitazoxanide | Inhibition of the pyruvate: ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase cycle |
Broad-spectrum antiparasitic |
| Losartan Valsartan |
Competitive angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist | Hypertension |
| Tetrandrine | Calcium channel blocker | Hypertension |
| Spironolactone | Potassium-sparing diuretic | Hypertension |
| Bromhexine | Increasing lysosomal activity | Mucolytic |
| Dornase alfa | Recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I | Cystic fibrosis |
| Dexmedetomidine | Selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist | Sedation |
| Fluoxetine | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor | Antidepressant |
| Ruxolitinib | JAK inhibition | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Tocilizumab | Interleukin-6 receptor antagonist | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Eculizumab | Monoclonal antibody against C5 | |
| Dexamethasone | Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production Inflammation |
, immune system disorders |
| Camostat | Inhibition of the transmembrane protease, serine 2 enzyme |
Chronic pancreatitis |
| Interferons (IFN) | Initiation of JAK-STAT signaling cascades | HBV, HCV, various autoimmune disorders, and cancers |