Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study sample
| Total n=40 | ED-LINC Intervention n=20 | Usual Care Control n=20 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (mean, ±SD) | 37.4 (9.3) | 35.5 (10.7) | 39.3 (9.3) |
| Female, n (%) | 18 (45.0) | 8 (40.0) | 10 (50.0) |
| Race a, n (%) | |||
| White | 23 (57.5) | 11 (55.0) | 12 (60.0) |
| African American/Black | 5 (12.5) | 1 (5.0) | 4 (20.0) |
| Multiple Race | 4 (10.0) | 4 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Other | 5 (20.0) | 4 (20.0) | 4 (20.0) |
| Homeless/unstable housing, n (%) | 20 (50.0) | 8 (40.0) | 12 (60.0) |
| Probation/warrant, n (%) | 10 (25.0) | 3 (15.0) | 7 (35.0) |
| Employed, n (%) | 2 (5.0) | 1 (5.0) | 1 (5.0) |
| Unable to work (disabled), n (%) | 7 (17.5) | 5 (25.0) | 2 (10.0) |
| Insurance, n (%) | |||
| Medicaid | 33 (82.5) | 15 (75.0) | 18 (90) |
| Medicare | 3 (7.5) | 2 (10.0) | 1 (5.0) |
| Commercial | 1 (2.5) | 1 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Medicare + Medicaid | 3 (7.5) | 2 (10.0) | 1 (5.0) |
| Mental Health, n (%) | |||
| PHQ9 total ≥10 | 27 (67.5) | 15 (75.0) | 12 (60.0) |
| PHQ9 item 9 positive | 12 (30.0) | 8 (40.0) | 4 (20.0) |
| GAD7 total ≥7 | 29 (72.5) | 17 (85.0) | 12 (60.0) |
| Substance use, n (%) | |||
| Lifetime heroin use | 39 (97.5) | 20 (100.0) | 19 (95.0) |
| Lifetime prescription opioid misuse | 25 (62.5) | 12 (60.0) | 13 (65.0) |
| Past 30-day heroin use | 38 (95.0) | 19 (95.0) | 19 (95.0) |
| Past 30-day prescription opioid misuse | 8 (20.5) | 6 (30.0) | 2 (10.5) |
| Past 30-day cocaine use | 12 (30.0) | 6 (30.0) | 6 (30.0) |
| Past 30-day cannabis use | 23 (57.5) | 13 (65.0) | 10 (50.0) |
| Past 30-day amphetamine use | 27 (67.5) | 13 (65.0) | 14 (70.0) |
| Past 30-day alcohol use | 17 (42.5) | 9 (45.0) | 8 (40.0) |
| Past 30-day tobacco use | 35 (87.5) | 19 (95.0) | 16 (80.0) |
| Past 30-day hallucinogen | 6 (15.0) | 5 (25.0) | 1 (5.0) |
| Past 30-day sedative misuse | 14 (35.0) | 7 (35.0) | 7 (35.0) |
| Overdose Risk Questions, n (%) | |||
| Lifetime opioid overdose | 23 (57.5) | 10 (50.0) | 13 (65.0) |
| Past year overdose | 14 (35.0) | 4 (20.0) | 10 (50.0) |
| Use opioid alone | 33 (82.5) | 18 (90.0) | 15 (75.0) |
| Mixed opioids with other drugs | 32 (80.0) | 16 (80.0) | 16 (80.0) |
| HIV Risk Behaviors, n (%) | |||
| HIV positive | 1 (2.5) | 1 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| HCV positive | 13 (32.5) | 6 (30.0) | 7 (35.0) |
| Injects more than once 1 day | 22 (56.4) | 11 (57.9) | 11 (55.0) |
| Shares needles | 3 (7.7) | 2 (10.5) | 1 (5.0) |
| Reuse needles | 16 (40.0) | 8 (40.0) | 8 (40.0) |
| Engages in transactional sex | 11 (28.2) | 7 (36.8) | 4 (20.0) |
| Clinical characteristics, n (%) | |||
| ED chief complaint is seeking treatment for OUD | 9 (22.5) | 6 (30.0) | 3 (15.0) |
| ED chief complaint is opioid withdrawal | 2 (5.0) | 1 (5.0) | 1 (5.0) |
| ED chief complaint is overdose | 2 (5.0) | 1 (5.0) | 1 (5.0) |
| ED chief complaint is skin/soft tissue infection | 14 (35.0) | 5 (25.0) | 9 (45.0) |
| ED chief complaint is ‘other’ | 19 (47.5) | 10 (50.0) | 9 (45.0) |
a
missing three responses, n=37