Table 2.
Outcomes Mapped According to Drug Exposure Groups
| Studies Included N = 210 | Clinical (n = 201) | Society-Related (n = 9) | Healthcare Costs and Utilization (n = 11) | Patient-Reported Outcome (n = 6) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality (n = 80) | Diagnosis (n = 138) | Surgery and Procedures (n = 17) | Drug Treatment (n = 22) | Disease Severity or Morbidity (n = 13) | Clinical Investigations (n = 7) | Pregnancy and Offspring (n = 21) | ||||
| Exposure Groups | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n |
| A01: Stomatological preparations (n = 2) | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
| A02: Drugs for acid-related disorders (n = 13) | 7 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| A03: Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders (n = 2) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| A04: Antiemetics and antinauseants (n = 1) | 1 | |||||||||
| A06: Drugs for constipation (n = 4) | 4 | |||||||||
| A07: Intestinal anti-infectives (n = 7) | 1 | 6 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| A09: Digestives, incl. enzymes (n = 3) | 3 | |||||||||
| A10: Drugs used in diabetes (n = 7) | 3 | 6 | 2 | 1 | ||||||
| A11: Vitamins (n = 1) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| A14: Anabolic agents for systemic use (n = 2) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| B01: Antithrombotic agents (n = 38) | 21 | 29 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||||
| B03: Anti-anemic preparations (n = 3) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||||||
| B04: Statins (before 1997)63 (n = 1) | 1 | |||||||||
| B05: Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions (n = 4) | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| C01: Cardiac therapy (n = 9) | 2 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| C02: Antihypertensives (n = 2) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| C03: Diuretics (n = 9) | 4 | 5 | 1 | |||||||
| C05: Vasoprotectives (n = 2) | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
| C07: Beta blocking agents (n = 15) | 5 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| C08: Calcium channel blockers (n = 12) | 4 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| C09: Agents acting on the Renin-Angiotensin System (n = 12) | 4 | 9 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| C10: Lipid modifying agents (n = 15) | 7 | 11 | 2 | 1 | ||||||
| D01: Antifungals for dermatological use (n = 2) | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
| D05: Antipsoriatics (n = 1) | 1 | |||||||||
| D06: Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use (n = 3) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| D07: Corticosteroids, dermatological preparations (n = 3) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| D08: Antiseptics and disinfectants (n = 2) | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
| D10: Anti-acne preparations (n = 2) | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
| D11: Other dermatological preparations (n = 3) | 2 | 1 | ||||||||
| G01: Gynecological anti-infectives and antiseptics (n = 2) | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
| G02: Other gynecologicals (n = 3) | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| G03: Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system (n = 10) | 3 | 7 | 1 | 2 | ||||||
| G04: Urologicals (n = 4) | 1 | 4 | ||||||||
| H01: Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones and analogues (n = 4) | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| H02: Corticosteroids for systemic use (n = 7) | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| H03: Thyroid therapy (n = 3) | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| H05: Calcium homeostasis (n = 1) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| J01: Antibacterials for systemic use (n = 16) | 3 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||
| J02: Antimycotics for systemic use (n = 3) | 1 | 3 | 1 | |||||||
| J04: Antimycobacterials (n = 3) | 1 | 3 | 1 | |||||||
| J05: Antivirals for systemic use (n = 5) | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| J07: Vaccines (n = 12) | 3 | 11 | 1 | 2 | ||||||
| L01: Antineoplastic agents (n = 10) | 4 | 6 | ||||||||
| L02: Endocrine therapy (n = 4) | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
| L03: Immunostimulants (n = 3) | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| L04: Immunosuppressants (n = 23) | 5 | 12 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | |
| M01: Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products (n = 18) | 6 | 14 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| M02: Topical products for joint and muscular pain (n = 2) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| M03: Muscle relaxants (n = 1) | 1 | |||||||||
| M04: Antigout preparations (n = 2) | 2 | |||||||||
| M05: Drugs for treatment of bone diseases (n = 2) | 2 | 1 | ||||||||
| N02: Analgesics (n = 11) | 5 | 4 | 1 | 2 | ||||||
| N03: Antiepileptics (n = 9) | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | ||||||
| N04: Anti-Parkinson drugs (n = 1) | 1 | |||||||||
| N05: Psycholeptics (n = 19) | 7 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
| N06: Psychoanaleptics (n = 17) | 5 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 3 | ||
| N07: Other nervous system drugs (n =2) | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
| P01: Antiprotozoals (n = 4) | 3 | 1 | ||||||||
| P02: Anthelmintics (n = 3) | 2 | 1 | ||||||||
| P03: Ectoparasiticides, incl. scabicides, insecticides and repellents (n = 2) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| R01: Nasal preparations (n = 2) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| R02: Throat preparations (n = 2) | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
| R03: Drugs for obstructive airway diseases (n = 9) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | ||||||
| R05: Cough and cold preparations (n = 4) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| R06: Antihistamines for systemic use (n = 2) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| S01: Ophthalmologicals (n = 4) | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | ||||||
| S02: Otologicals (n = 2) | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
| S03: Ophthalmological and ontological preparations (n = 2) | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
| Other* (n = 6) | 4 | 4 | 1 | |||||||
Notes: The table present the number (n) of studies using each outcome-exposure group combination as well as the general number of studies using an exposure group (ATC level 2), outcome category (bold font) and subcategory. The table cells are color-coded according to the number size: dark grey (≥10), medium grey (5–9), and light grey (<5). White cells represent no outcome-exposure group combination identified. As one study can have investigated more than one outcome and more than one exposure group, the numbers are not mutually exclusive. *Drug–drug interaction exposures (ATC level 2: B01 + J01, N05 + C03 or C09, L01 + M01, L04 + M01), Phthalate-containing drug exposures,64 or “Torsade de pointes risk drugs”65.
Abbreviation: ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification.