Table 3.
Contents, Characteristics, Outcome Variables, and Findings of the Studies (n=13)
| Author (s) (Year) | Study Design | Participants | Contents of Intervention | Intervention Duration | Timing of Post-Test | Primary Outcome Variable | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rudel et al. (2011)24 | One-group pretest-posttest design | Families including children, n=20 (5 families) | - Replacement of diets with fresh foods | 3 days | 2 and 3 days after finish of the intervention | Concentration of EDCs in urine | - Urinary concentration of EDCs (BPA, DEHP metabolites) decreased - significant between-family variation |
| Yang et al. (2014)25 | Randomized controlled trial design | Young Adult women with experience of PMS, n=22 | - Dietary supplements (Korean Red Ginseng) | 2 weeks | 2 weeks later (right after intervention) | Concentration of EDCs in urine | - Urinary concentration of EDCs (BPA, MDA) decreased |
| Barrett et al. (2015)26 | One-group pretest-posttest design | Pregnant women with household income below $25,000, n=10 | - Replacement of diets with fresh foods | 3 days | 3 days after finish of the intervention | Concentration of EDCs in urine | - Urinary concentration of EDCs (phthalate metabolites, sum DEHP metabolites) did not change |
| Harley et al. (2016)27 | One-group pretest-posttest design | Teenage girls, n=100 | - Replacement of personal products | 3 days | 3 days later (right after intervention) | Concentration of EDCs in urine, knowledge/attitudes/behaviors related to personal care product chemicals | - Urinary concentration of some EDCs (phthalate metabolites, paraben, triclosan, and BP-3) decrease - Urinary concentration of some EDCs (EP, BP) increased |
| Hagobian et al. (2017)28 | Randomized controlled trial design | College-aged women, n=24 | - Replacement of personal products - Education | 3 weeks | 3 weeks later (right after intervention) | Concentration of EDCs in urine | - Urinary concentration of EDC (BPA) decreased |
| Galloway et al. (2018)29 | One-group pretest-posttest design | Teenagers, n=94 | - Self-administered dietary regulation with avoidance of dietary EDC | 7 days | 7 days later (right after intervention) | Concentration of EDCs in urine | - No effect on urinary concentration of EDCs (BPA) |
| Peng et al. (2019)30 | Randomized crossover design | College students, n=20 | - Consumption of fresh foods vs consumption of canned food | 4 days | 6 hours after each breakfast (right after intervention) | Concentration of EDCs in urine | - Urinary concentration of EDC (BPA) increased after consumption of canned foods |
| Rutkowska et al. (2020)31 | One-group pretest-posttest design | Families including children and infants, n=26 (9 families) | - Education - Replacement of household and personal products (cleaning products, cosmetics, food packaging, etc.) | 6 months | 6 months later (right after intervention) | Concentration of EDCs in urine and house dusts | - Urinary concentration of EDCs (BPS,4-NP, DEP, DEHP) decreased - Dust concentration of EDCs (BPS, 4-NP, DEHP) decreased- A correlation was found between EDCs 3 months later concentrations in household dust and urine of each inhabitant. |
| Van der Meer et al. (2021)32 | Randomized factorial design | Adults with a BMI above 27, n=218 | - Replacement of diets with calorie restriction | 3 months | 3 months later (right after intervention) | Concentration of EDCs in urine | - Urinary concentration of some EDCs (MBP, HMW-phthalates) decreased- Urinary concentration of some EDCs (MEP) increased - Urinary concentration of some EDCs (paraben, bisphenol) did not change |
| Harley et al. (2021)33 | One-group pretest-posttest design | Adult women, n=50 | - Replacement of cleaning products | 1 week | 1 week later (right after intervention) | Concentration of cleaning product chemicals (including EDCs) in house air | - Decrease in air concentrations of 17 chemicals (including 1,4-dioxane, chloroform, benzene, naphthalene, toluene, hexane), increase of 3 chemicals (beta-myrcene, ADBI, HHCB) |
| Kim et al. (2021)34 | Randomized controlled trial design | Mothers with young children, n=51 | - Modification in dietary habits, personal care products use, and health behavior - Education | 4 weeks | 1 month later (right after intervention) | Concentration of EDCs in urine | - Urinary concentrations of six EDCs (MEHP, MEOHP, BPA, MP, EP, and PP) were significantly decreased in the intervention group after a month of intervention compared with those in the control group |
| Park et al. (2021)35 | One-group pretest-posttest design | Female college students with severe menstrual pain, n=30 | - Dietary modification targeting reduction of fast/processed food consumption - Education | 4 weeks | 1st, 2nd, 3rd menstrual cycle after finish of the intervention | Concentration of EDCs in urine, menstrual pain | - Menstrual pain decreased at all three time points of menstrual cycles, urinary concentration of EDC (BPA) decreased until the second menstrual cycle |
| Sessa et al. (2021)36 | Non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design | Children, n=130 | - Replacement of food packaging | 6 months | 6 months later (right after intervention) | Concentration of EDCs in urine | - Urinary concentration of EDC (BPA) decreased in the intervention group |
Abbreviations: BPA, bisphenol A; DEHP, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; MDA, malondialdehyde; BP-3, benzophenone-3; EP, ethylparaben; BP, butylparaben; BPS, bisphenol S; 4-NP, 4-nonylphenol; DEP, diethyl phthalate; MBP, mono-butyl phthalates; HMW-phthalates, high molecular weight phthalates; MEP, mono-ethyl phthalates; ADBI, polycyclic musk celestolide; HHCB, polycyclic musk galaxolide; MEHP, mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; MEOHP, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate; MP, methylparaben; PP, propylparaben.