Comparison of fabrication methods of paper-based fluidic devices.

Method	Equipment	Materials	Resolution (μm)	Fabrication time (min)	Challenges	Ref.
Wax printing	Wax printers	Solid wax	561 ± 45 (ref. 8)	∼5 (ref. 8)	Resolution, uncontrolled printing and reflow. Availability of wax printers	8–21
Inkjet printing	Inkjet printers	Formulated liquid ink	590 (ref. 24)	>8 (ref. 24)	Resolution, customization of ink and printer	22–24
Screen printing	Customized masks	Wax, hydrophobic agents	650 ± 71(ref. 25)	N/A	Resolution, mask fabrication, manual wax transfer	7,25–28
Photolithography	UV lamp	Photoresist	256 ± 20 (ref. 31)	∼30 (ref. 31)	Relatively complex fabrication with multiple steps	1,29–33