Table 3.

Main blood laboratory test diagnostic workup of vasculitis

Adult
Routine blood tests	Complete Blood Count (CBC) Transaminase (ALT, AST), Gamma GT, Creatinine, Urea Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) Prothrombin time (PT), Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) Serum Electrophoresis Cholesterol (total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)), Triglycerides Ferritin Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) In selected cases (clinically oriented): Genetic Test for HLA-B51
Autoimmune screening	Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) Anti-double-stranded DNA (Anti-dsDNA) antibodies Extractable Nuclear Antigen Antibodies (ENA) Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) Anti-Thyroglobulin antibodies (TG) Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) In selected cases, if clinically oriented: - Anti-Mitochondria Antibody (AMA) - Gastric parietal cell antibodies (APCA) - Anti-smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA) - Anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) Rheumatoid factor (RF) Anti-transglutaminase antibodies Complement: C3, C4, CH50 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM) Cryoglobulins Lymphocyte Subsets IgG4 (if clinically indicated) Ab anti-NMDAr, AMPA 1 e 2, GABAb1, LGI1 e CASPR2, Ab anti-GluR3 (if indicated)
Non-genetic thrombophilic screening	Anti-beta 2 glycoprotein I autoantibodies (IgG and IgM) Anti-Cardiolipin Antibodies (IgG and IgM) LAC (lupus anticoagulant; in patients NOT on oral anticoagulant drugs) Vitamin B12 Homocysteine Folate C-protein, S-protein, Factor V G1691A and FII G20210A mutation (if clinically indicated)
Neoplastic and paraneoplastic screening	Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) CA-125 Antibodies against neuronal antigens (Hu, Yo, Ri, Amphiphysin anti-Ma1, anti-Ma2, anti-CV2 antibodies) If history of malignancy and clinically indicated: β2 microglobulin, Alpha-fetoprotein, CA 19–9, Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Viral and bacterial screening	Anti-HCV antibodies Anti-HIV antibodies VDRL (Venereal Diseases Research Laboratories) Anti-HSV 1/2 Antibodies (IgG and IgM) Anti-VZV Antibodies (IgG and IgM) Anti-CMV Antibodies (IgG and IgM) Anti-EBV Antibodies (IgG and IgM; including anti-EBNA1 Antibodies) HbsAg Anti-HBsAg (aHBs), HBcAb and Anti-HbeAb Antibodies Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies PCR against neurotropic virus (in case of probable acute infection) QuantiFERON Anti-Treponema antibodies (FTA-ABS/TPHA)
Urinalysis	Basic exams Urine Electrophoresis Drug tests (when clinically indicated)
Children
Routine blood tests	CBC Transaminase (ALT, AST), Gamma GT, Creatinine, Urea ESR, CRP PT, PTT Serum Electrophoresis Cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL), Triglycerides Ferritin LDH In selected cases and if clinically indicated: Genetic Test for HLA-B51
Autoimmune Screening	Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) Anti-double-stranded DNA (Anti-dsDNA) antibodies Extractable Nuclear Antigen Antibodies (ENA) Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) Anti-Thyroglobulin antibodies (TG) Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) Complement: C3, C4, CH50 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM) Lymphocyte Subsets If clinically indicated: - Anti-Mitochondria Antibody (AMA) - Gastric parietal cell antibodies (APCA) - Anti-smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA) - Rheumatoid factor - Anti-transglutaminase antibodies - Cryoglobulins - Adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2) (evaluation of enzymatic activity)
Non-genetic/genetic thrombophilic screening:	Anti-beta 2 glycoprotein I autoantibodies (IgG and IgM) Anti-Cardiolipin Antibodies (IgG and IgM) LAC (lupus anticoagulant; in patients NOT on oral anticoagulant drugs) Vitamin B12 Folate FVW (VIII) Homocysteine C Protein, S Protein ATIII deficiency Factor V G1691A and FII G20210A mutation
Neoplastic and paraneoplastic screening	In case suspected cases: antibodies against neuronal antigens (Hu, Yo, Ri, Amphiphysin anti-Ma1, anti-Ma2, anti-CV2 antibodies)
Viral/bacterial screening	Anti-HCV antibodies Anti-HIV antibodies Anti-HSV 1/2 Antibodies (IgG and IgM) Anti-VZV Antibodies (IgG and IgM) Anti-CMV Antibodies (IgG and IgM) Anti-EBV Antibodies (IgG and IgM; including anti-EBNA1 Antibodies) HbsAg Anti-HBsAg (aHBs), HBcAb and Anti-HbeAb Antibodies Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies PCR against neurotropic virus (in case of probable acute infection) PPD and/or QuantiFERON TB gold Mycoplasma antibodies (IgG e IgM) Anti-Treponema antibodies (FTA-ABS/TPHA) If clinically indicated: - VDRL - Borrelia Burgdorferi antibodies WB
Urinalysis	Basic exams Urine Electrophoresis (when clinically indicated) Drug tests (when clinically indicated)

AMPA indicates α-Ammino-3-idrossi-5-Methyl-4-isossazol-Propionic Acid; anti-CV2, Crossveinless2; CASPR2, Contactin-associated protein-like 2; CMV, Cytomegalovirus; EBV, Epstein-Barr Virus; Factor II, Prothrombin 20,210 Mutation, also called Mutation FII G20210A; Factor V, Leiden Factor V G1691A; GABAb1, Gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor; GluR3, Glutamate receptor 3; HBcAb, Hepatitis B Core Antibody; HBeAb, Hepatitis B Envelope Antibody; HBsAg, Hepatitis B Surface Antigen; HCV, Hepatitis C Virus, HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; HSV, Herpes Simplex Virus; HZV Herpes Zoster Virus; LGI1, Leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1; Ma1, anti-Ma2 anti-neuronal proteins; NMDAr, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; SARS-Cov 2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2; VZV, Varicella Zoster Virus