Fig. 11. (A) The whole surgical procedure. The experimental membrane was covered on the defects as follows: [1] silk1, [2] silk2, [3] Osteoguide and [4] porcine collagen. Reprinted with permission from ref. 92 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier. (B) Illustration of the formation of fibroin-directed hydroxyapatite with different Ca ion concentrations: (a) low concentration of calcium ions and (b) high concentration of calcium ions. Reprinted with permission from ref. 96 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier. (C) Equilibrium Young's modulus and (D) bone sialoprotein (scale: 200 μm) of the constructs after 5 and 10 weeks of cultivation. Reprinted with permission from ref. 95 Copyright © 2011 Elsevier.