Solvent-free and open-air reaction between crystalline cellulose and different molten organic acids.

Entry	Organic acid	Melting point (°C)	Yield in bio-oil (%)	Yield in cellulose ester (%)
1a	Oxalic acid dihydrate	104–106	—	80
2	Benzoic acid	121–123	—	—
3	Adipic acid	151–154	—	90–100
4	Citric acid	152–155	60–80	40–20
5b	l(+)Tartaric acid	168–170	—	—
6b	Succinic acid	185–188	—	—

^aSee ref. 33.

^bOnly decomposition products (biochar).