Process conditions and compositions of synthetic solid huminsa.
| Entry | Water (g) | T (°C) | Solid huminsb (%) | Soluble huminsc (%) | HMFb (%) | Elemental analysis of solid humins | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (wt%) | C (wt%) | ||||||
| 1 | 0 | 100 | 29.7 | 30.9 | 39.4 | 0 | 59.4 |
| 2 | 0 | 110 | 52.6 | 15.5 | 31.9 | 0 | 60.5 |
| 3 | 0 | 120 | 67.9 | 10.5 | 21.6 | 0 | 61.5 |
| 4 | 0 | 130 | 78.7 | 7.4 | 13.9 | 0 | 62.4 |
| 5d | 0 | 110 | 33.8 | 33.7 | 32.5 | 0 | 59.6 |
| 6d | 0.2 | 110 | 31.9 | 28.2 | 39.9 | 0 | 59.9 |
| 7d | 0.5 | 110 | 22.7 | 45 | 32.3 | 0 | 59.7 |
| 8d | 1.0 | 110 | 17.5 | 56.6 | 25.9 | 0 | 58.6 |
| 9d,e | 0 | 110 | 33.9 | 24 | 42.1 | 0 | 61.1 |
a
Reaction conditions: [BMIM]Cl (10.0 g), glucose (5.0 g), and CrCl3 (0.74 g) were mixed, and reaction time was 4 h.
b
Carbon yield was given.
c
Soluble humins was calculated based on carbon mass balance after accounting the total amount of 5-HMF and solid humins.
d
Reaction time was 2 h.
e
Fructose (5.0 g) was the feedstock.