Performance comparison of HTM-free PSCs from previous reports based on carbon CEs.
| Device structure | Carbon type | PCE (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/PVK/C | Graphene | 10.06 | 41 |
| Mesoscopic FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/ZrO2(PVK)a/C | Carbon | 10.64 | 42 |
| FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/PVK/C | Coal | 10.87 | 43 |
| FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/PVK/C | Candle soot | 11.02 | 44 |
| FTO/TiO2/NiOb(PVK)/C | CBc/graphite | 11.4 | 21 |
| Mesoscopic FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/m-ZrO2(PVK)/C | CB/graphite + ink | 11.8 | 45 |
| FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/PVK/C | MWCNT | 12.6 | 19 |
| Mesoscopic FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/m-ZrO2(PVK)/C | Bulk graphite | 12.63 | 18 |
| Mesoscopic FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/m-ZrO2(PVK)/C | Carbon | 12.8 | 22 |
| FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/PVK/C | Bio-carbon | 12.82 | 17 |
| Mesoscopic FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/m-ZrO2(PVK)/C | Ultrathin graphite | 14.07 | 18 |
| FTO/c-TiO2/TiO2-Al2O3d/PVK/C | SWCNTe-graphite/CB | 14.7 | 46 |
| ITO/SnO2f/PVK-MWCNT0.5/C | Carbon | 16.25 | 40 |
| FTO/ZnO/PEI/PVK/C | MWCNT | 15.56 | This work |
a
PVK: perovskite.
b
NiO: nickel oxide.
c
CB: carbon black.
d
Al2O3: aluminum oxide.
e
SWCNT: single wall carbon nanotubes.
f
SnO2: tin oxide.