Table 4.

Fecal metabolite changes after bariatric surgery^*

	All postsurgery		1 wk		1 mo		3 mo
	β (SE)	P value	β (SE)	P value	β (SE)	P value	β (SE)	P value
Caffeine	−1.22 (.23)	4.7 × 10−5	−1.27 (.28)	.0003	−1.17 (.32)	.002	−1.12 (.44)	.02
Fructose	−1.14 (.27)	.0004	−1.43 (.32)	.0003	−.87 (.35)	.03	−.77 (.49)	.13
Nicotinate ribonucleotide	−1.01 (.24)	.0005	−.78 (.28)	.01	−1.09 (.31)	.004	−1.66 (.43)	.001
Pyrraline	−1.05 (.25)	.0005	−1.01 (.31)	.004	−1.08 (.34)	.006	−1.14 (.47)	.03
3-Indoleglyoxylic acid	−1.16 (.28)	.0005	−1.16 (.34)	.003	−.99 (.38)	.02	−1.54 (.52)	.009
Butyrate/isobutyrate	−1.05 (.27)	.001	−.60 (.30)	.06	−1.51 (.33)	.0003	−1.59 (.46)	.003
Theophylline	−1.04 (.27)	.001	−1.04 (.33)	.005	−1.16 (.37)	.006	−.75 (.51)	.16
3-Sulfo-L-alanine	−.92 (.24)	.001	−1.14 (.28)	.0008	−.56 (.32)	.09	−.95 (.44)	.04
Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (18:2)	−1.03 (.28)	.002	−1.32 (.31)	.0006	−.52 (.35)	.16	−1.12 (.49)	.03
Paraxanthine	−1.07 (.29)	.002	−1.08 (.35)	.007	−1.16 (.40)	.01	−.84 (.55)	.14
N-carboxymethylalanine	−1.09 (.29)	.002	−1.09 (.36)	.008	−1.14 (.40)	.01	−.96 (.56)	.11
Lysophosphatidylinositol (16:0)	−1.02 (.28)	.002	−1.39 (.31)	.0003	−.41 (.35)	.25	−1.13 (.48)	.03
Rocuronium	1.10 (.30)	.002	1.87 (.25)	9.3 × 10−7	.50 (.28)	.09	−.25 (.39)	.53
12,13-DiHOME	−1.10 (.30)	.002	−1.20 (.36)	.004	−.86 (.41)	.05	−1.26 (.56)	.04
Lysine	−.91 (.25)	.002	−.95 (.30)	.006	−.68 (.34)	.06	−1.26 (.47)	.02
Gentisate	−1.06 (.29)	.002	−.95 (.35)	.02	−1.02 (.40)	.02	−1.55 (.55)	.01
1,2-Dilinolenoyl-galactosylglycerol (18:3/18:3)	−1.04 (.29)	.002	−1.00 (.36)	.01	−.96 (.40)	.03	−.88 (.51)	.11
2’-Deoxyadenosine	−1.05 (.30)	.002	−.68 (.34)	.06	−1.42 (.39)	.002	−1.50 (.53)	.01
Oleic acid-hydroxystearic acid (18:1/OH-18:0)	.91 (.26)	.003	.65 (.31)	.05	1.27 (.34)	.002	.97 (.47)	.06
8-Hydroxyguanine	−.98 (.29)	.003	−.76 (.34)	.04	−1.14 (.38)	.009	−1.38 (.50)	.02
4-Guanidinobutanoate	−.96 (.28)	.003	−.81 (.34)	.03	−1.01 (.38)	.02	−1.40 (.52)	.02
Nicotinamide riboside	−.92 (.27)	.003	−.67 (.31)	.05	−.95 (.35)	.01	−1.64 (.48)	.003
Stachydrine	−.98 (.29)	.003	−1.00 (.35)	.01	−.91 (.40)	.03	−1.04 (.55)	.07
Adenosine	−1.03 (.30)	.003	−.70 (.35)	.07	−1.44 (.40)	.002	−1.24 (.55)	.04
Branched-chain dicarboxylic acid (14:0)	−.87 (.26)	.003	−.65 (.31)	.05	−1.21 (.34)	.003	−.89 (.47)	.08
Guanosine	−.98 (.29)	.003	−.70 (.30)	.05	−.98 (.37)	.02	−2.00 (.51)	.001
Ferulate	−.90 (.28)	.004	−1.24 (.32)	.001	−.43 (.25)	.25	−.77 (.49)	.13
Indolepropionate	−.92 (.29)	.006	−.41 (.31)	.21	−1.30 (.35)	.002	−1.82 (.49)	.002
Thymidine	−.94 (.30)	.006	−.47 (.32)	.16	−1.08 (.36)	.007	−2.22 (.49)	.0003
Valerate (5:0)	−.80 (.28)	.009	−.32 (.30)	.30	−1.22 (.33)	.002	−1.56 (.46)	.003
Caproate (6:0)	−.78 (.27)	.009	−.45 (.30)	.16	−1.23 (.34)	.002	−.89 (.47)	.08
Ondansetron	.85 (.31)	.01	1.60 (.28)	2.6 × 10−5	.08 (.31)	.81	−.01 (.43)	.98
Gabapentin	.83 (.31)	.01	1.58 (.28)	2.9 × 10−5	.21 (.31)	.52	−.35 (.43)	.43
Inosine	−.77 (.31)	.02	−.52 (.33)	.13	−.59 (.37)	.13	−2.08 (.51)	.0008
Uridine	−.68 (.30)	.04	−.44 (.30)	.19	−.48 (.37)	.20	−1.95 (.51)	.001
Urolithin A	.60 (.34)	.09	.31 (.36)	.41	.45 (.41)	.28	1.97 (.57)	.003
Retinol	.10 (.32)	.75	.50 (.30)	.11	.29 (.33)	.40	−1.70 (.46)	.002

SE = standard error.

^*Generalized linear mixed model was used, adjusting for age, sex, race, procedure type, stool type, and recent use of antibiotics. Results with false discovery rate <.1 (approximately P value <.003) in any pre- versus postsurgery time points were shown. Results were sorted in ascending order of P values in pre- versus all postsurgery comparison.