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. 2020 Oct 23;10(64):38937–38964. doi: 10.1039/d0ra06161a

Application of bacteriocin from LAB in infectious disease treatment for humans.

Producing strain Types of bacteriocin Application in medicine Targeted pathogens or cells Pros and cons References
L. lactis spp. Nisin Skin infections MRSA Pros: the wound dressing with nisin can stimulate wound closure and accelerate wound healing of excisional wounds with no adverse effects 93
Lung infections P. aeruginosa Pros: nisin can be used to enhance the efficacy of polymyxins in the lung infection treatment by reducing the concentration of polymyxins needed. This may reduce polymyxin toxicity through the administration of significantly lower levels of polymyxin antibiotics 101 and 195
Stomach ulcers H. pylori Pros: nisin is a potential antibacterial agent for the treatment of stomach ulcers due to its high resistance to a wide range of pH environments 101
Nisin Z Mucosal and bloodstream infections C. albicans Pros: nisin Z inhibits the transformation of C. albicans from the blastospore to hyphal form, leading to ultrastructural disturbances 13
Nisin A Cancer Reduce HNSCC tumorigenesis by inducing preferential apoptosis Pros: it can be alternative therapeutic for HNSCC instead of undergoing surgery and chemo- and radiation therapy, which are detrimental to normal cells and tissues and cause further morbidity. It inhibits tumorigenesis in vivo and prolongs survival in vivo 196
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out
Nisin A (combined with doxorubicin) Cancer Reduce tumour severity in skin carcinogenesis Pros: the combination of nisin A with doxorubicin shows significant increase in treatment effect of cancer as compared to docorubicin alone. This may decrease the doses of doxorubicin and its side effects 197
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out
Nisin F Respiratory tract infection S. aureus Pros: nisin with concentration at 8192 AU was proved to be safe as no abnormal of trachea, lungs, bronchi and haematology of rats detected 198
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out
Nisin A and Z Diarrhoea and inflammation of colon C. difficile Pros: both nisin A and Z can inhibit the growth of C. difficile and C. difficile spores were also susceptible to nisin A 199
Cons: there is no in vivo test for the activity of nisin A and Z on C. difficile
L. lactis ssp. lactis DPC3147 Lacticin 3147 Skin and surgical site and prosthetic joint infections MRSA and C. acnes Pros: lacticin 3147 improve the antimicrobial efficacy of penicillin G or vancomycin against and reduce the dose of antibiotics needed 14 and 104
Dental carries S. mutans Pros: a food grade lacticin 3147 spray dried powder can reduce S. mutans in human saliva up to a 4-log reduction in counts after 20 min 106
L. lactis subsp. lactis A164 and L. lactis subsp. lactis BH5 Lacticin A164 and BH5 Stomach ulcers H. pylori Pros: lacticin A164 and BH5 are potential antibacterial agents for the treatment of stomach ulcers due to its high resistance to a wide range of pH environment 107
S. salivarius K12 Salivaricin A2 Pneumonia, sinus infection, ear infection, bacteremia and meningtis S. pneumoniae Pros: salivaricin A2 has high resistance to heat and a wide range pH environment 110
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out
Salivaricin B Scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, cellulitis, erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis S. pyogenes Pros: salivaricin B has high resistance to heat and a wide range pH environment 112
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out
Pharyngitis, endocarditis, gastrointestinal tract infection and skin infection Corynebacterium spp Pros: salivaricin B has high resistance to heat and a wide range pH environment 112
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out
S. salivarius 5M6c Salivaricin D Empyema and pneumonia C. bifermentans Pros: salivaricin D is heat stable and the MIC needed to inhibit C. bifermentans is very low, which is 0.01 nM 109
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out
Infections in immunocompromised humans Ln. lactis Pros: salivaricin D is heat stable and the MIC needed to inhibit Ln. lactis is low, which is 0.1 nM 109
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out
Pneumonia, sinus infection, ear infection, bacteremia and meningtis S. pneumoniae Pros: salivaricin D is heat stable and the MIC needed to inhibit S. pneumoniae is very low, which is around 0.03–0.06 nM 109
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out
Scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, cellulitis, erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis S. pyogenes Pros: salivaricin D is heat stable 109
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out
B. subtilis 168 Subtilosin A Urinary tract infection E. faecalis Pros: subtilosin A exert inhibitory effect against E. faecalis with MIC of 3.125 mg L−1 109
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out. Besides that, no information about characterization of the bacteriocin is available
Periodontitis and tooth loss P. gingivalis Pros: subtilosin A exert inhibitory effect against P. gingivalis with MIC of 3.125–6.25 mg L−1 109
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out. Besides that, no information about characterization of the bacteriocin is available
Pneumonia, urinary tract infection, skin infections and meningitis K. pneumoniae Pros: subtilosin A exert inhibitory effect against K. pneumoniae with MIC of 1.25–25 mg L−1 120
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out. Besides that, no information about characterization of the bacteriocin is available
Methylmalonic aciduria in immunocompromised patients K. rhizophila Pros: subtilosin A exert inhibitory effect against K. rhizophila with MIC of 1.25 mg L−1 121
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out. Besides that, no information about characterization of the bacteriocin is available
Gastrointestinal infection, meningitis, urinary tract infection, skin infection and respiratory infection E. aerogenes or K. aerogenes Pros: subtilosin A exert inhibitory effect against K. aerogenes with MIC of 1.25 mg L−1 109
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out. Besides that, no information about characterization of the bacteriocin is available
Scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, cellulitis, erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis S. pyogenes Pros: subtilosin A exert inhibitory effect against S. pyogenes with MIC of 1.25 mg L−1 109
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out. Besides that, no information about characterization of the bacteriocin is available
Shigellosis S. sonnei Pros: subtilosin A exert inhibitory effect against S. sonnei with MIC of 1.25 mg L−1 123
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out. Besides that, no information about characterization of the bacteriocin is available
Pneumonia, urinary tract infections and bacteremia P. aeruginosa Pros: subtilosin A exerts inhibitory effect against P. aeruginosa with MIC of 50 mg L−1 124
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out. Besides that, no information about characterization of the bacteriocin is available
Dental plaque formation S. gordonii Pros: subtilosin A exerts inhibitory effect against S. gordonii with MIC of 83.25 mg L−1 109
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out. Besides that, no information about characterization of the bacteriocin is available
Bacillus sp. strain HIL Y-85, 54728 Mersacidin Abscesses, furuncle, bloodstream infection and pneumonia MRSA Pros: mersacidin is heat stable. Elevated interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α titres were not found in mice treated with mersacidin, but found in untreated mice. Besides that, differences in the cytokine profiles were not induced by mersacidin 200
Cons: no study on site of action (epithelium versus blood) of mersacidin and its application on humans is carried out
Pneumonia, sinus infection, ear infection, bacteremia and meningtis S. pneumoniae Pros: mersacidin is heat stable. It can be used to enhance the inhibition effect of antibiotics such as penicillin and ampicillin on S. pneumoniae and reduce the dosage of antibiotics 128
Cons: no study on site of action (epithelium versus blood) of mersacidin and its application on humans is carried out
Pneumonia and meningitis M. luteus Pros: mersacidin is heat stable and produces antibacterial activity earlier than nisin and subtilin. It can be used to enhance the inhibition effect of antibiotics such as penicillin and ampicillin on M. luteus and reduce the dosage of antibiotics 125 and 129
Cons: no study on site of action (epithelium versus blood) of mersacidin and its application on humans is carried out
Infections of abdomen, skin, bloodstream and urinary tract E. faecium and E. faecalis Pros: mersacidin is heat stable. It can be used to enhance the inhibition effect of antibiotics such as ampicillin on E. faecium and E. faecalis and reduce the dosage of antibiotics 130
Cons: no study on site of action (epithelium versus blood) of mersacidin and its application on humans is carried out
L. lactis MG1614 Enterocin A Listeriosis L. monocytogenes Pros: enterocin A is thermostable, proteinaceous, resistant to catalase and does not produce hemolysin 132 and 133
Cons: the inhibition effect of enterocin A on L. monocytogenes is not obvious. It can be enhanced by the combination use of thyme essential oils and enterocin A
Infection of bladder E. coli Pros: enterocin A is thermostable, proteinaceous, resistant to catalase and does not produce hemolysin 132 and 133
Cons: the inhibition effect of enterocin A on E. coli is not obvious. It can be enhanced by the combination use of thyme essential oils and enterocin A
E. hirae LD3 Enterocin LD3 Pneumonia and meningitis M. luteus Pros: enterocin LD3 is thermostable up to 121 °C (at 15 psi pressure) and high resistance to acidic environment with range pH 2–6 56 and 134
Cons: no preliminary study with an animal model and humans is carried out. Besides that, no information about characterization of the bacteriocin is available
E. faecalis Enterocin AS-48 Diarrhoea and infections of respiration tract and wounds B. cereus Pros: the viable cell count of B. cereus decreases rapidly with adding of 20–35 μg mL−1 enterocin. Enterocin AS-48 also increase the heat sensitivity of endospores in which the inactivation of endospores can be achieved at 90 °C and 95 °C for 1 min 49
E. hirae 20C Enterocin E20C Gastroenteritis, bacteremia and enteric fever S. enterica Pros: enterocin E20C is not only can be used alone in the treatment of gastroenteritis, bacteremia and enteric fever, but also has synergistic interaction with antibiotics such as ampicillin, penicillin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin against a ciprofloxacin- and penicillin-resistant strain of S. enterica. It was proved to reduce the MIC needed by ampicillin, penicillin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin to inhibit S. enterica, which were decreased 6.9, 13.1, 6.4 and 12.8 folds, respectively 55
S. epidermidis Epidermin Infections of respiratory tract, skin and surgical site S. aureus Pros: epidermin has high resistance to heat and a wide range pH environment 137
Cons: no preliminary study of the inhibition effect of epidermin on S. aureus with an animal model and humans is carried out
Pneumonia, sinus infection, ear infection, bacteremia and meningtis S. pneumoniae Pros: epidermin has high resistance to heat and a wide range pH environment 137
Cons: no preliminary study of the inhibition effect of epidermin on S. pneumoniae with an animal model and humans is carried out
Scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, cellulitis, erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis S. pyogenes Pros: epidermin has high resistance to heat and a wide range pH environment. Besides that, it can reduce the dose of penicillin 138
Cons: no preliminary study of the inhibition effect of epidermin on S. pyogenes with an animal model and humans is carried out
Infections of urinary tract, wound and soft tissue S. faecalis Pros: epidermin has high resistance to heat and a wide range pH environment 139
Cons: no preliminary study of the inhibition effect of epidermin on S. faecalis with an animal model and humans is carried out
Endocarditis, cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection in an infant, mediastinitis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis C. xerosis Pros: epidermin has high resistance to heat and a wide range pH environment 137
Cons: no preliminary study of the inhibition effect of epidermin on C. xerosis with an animal model and humans is carried out
Pneumonia and meningitis M. luteus Pros: epidermin has high resistance to heat and a wide range pH environment 140
Cons: no preliminary study of the inhibition effect of epidermin on M. luteus with an animal model and humans is carried out
Infection of brain, liver, breast, and lung abscesses P. anaerobicus Pros: epidermin has high resistance to heat and a wide range of pH environment 138
Cons: no preliminary study of the inhibition effect of epidermin on P. anaerobicus with an animal model and humans is carried out
Acnes P. acnes Pros: epidermin has high resistance to heat and a wide range of pH environment 138
Cons: no preliminary study of the inhibition effect of epidermin on P. acnes with an animal model and humans is carried out
S. gallinarum Gallidermin Infections of respiratory tract, skin and surgical site S. aureus Pros: gallidermin inhibits not only the growth of S. aureus in a dose-dependent manner but also efficiently prevents biofilm formation. Besides that, it displayed no cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts and hemolyzed less than 1% of human RBCs, and did not induce reactive oxygen species production or cell aggregation in whole blood 89 and 137
Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) infections and intracardiac abscesses S. epidermidis Pros: gallidermin inhibits not only the growth of S. epidermidis in a dose-dependent manner but also efficiently prevents biofilm formation. Besides that, it displayed no cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts and hemolyzed less than 1% of human RBCs, and did not induce reactive oxygen species production or cell aggregation in whole blood 89 and 137
Osteoarticular infections S. simulans Pros: gallidermin can be used to enhance the inhibition effect of antibiotics on S. simulans and reduce the dosage of antibiotics. Besides that, it displayed no cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts and hemolyzed less than 1% of human RBCs, and did not induce reactive oxygen species production or cell aggregation in whole blood 89 and 141
Pneumonia, sinus infection, ear infection, bacteremia and meningtis S. pneumoniae Pros: gallidermin can be used to enhance the inhibition effect of antibiotics on S. pneumoniae and reduce the dosage of antibiotics. Besides that, it displayed no cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts and hemolyzed less than 1% of human RBCs, and did not induce reactive oxygen species production or cell aggregation in whole blood 89 and 137
Scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, cellulitis, erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis S. pyogenes Pros: gallidermin can be used to enhance the inhibition effect of antibiotics on S. pyogenes and reduce the dosage of antibiotics. Besides that, it displayed no cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts and hemolyzed less than 1% of human RBCs, and did not induce reactive oxygen species production or cell aggregation in whole blood 89 and 137
Infections of urinary tract, wound and soft tissue S. faecalis Pros: gallidermin can be used to enhance the inhibition effect of antibiotics on S. faecalis and reduce the dosage of antibiotics. Besides that, it displayed no cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts and hemolyzed less than 1% of human RBCs, and did not induce reactive oxygen species production or cell aggregation in whole blood 89 and 137
Endocarditis, cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection in an infant, mediastinitis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis C. xerosis Pros: gallidermin can be used to enhance the inhibition effect of antibiotics on C. xerosis and reduce the dosage of antibiotics. Besides that, it displayed no cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts and hemolyzed less than 1% of human RBCs, and did not induce reactive oxygen species production or cell aggregation in whole blood 89 and 137
Pneumonia and meningitis M. luteus Pros: gallidermin can be used to enhance the inhibition effect of antibiotics on M. luteus and reduce the dosage of antibiotics. Besides that, it displayed no cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts and hemolyzed less than 1% of human RBCs, and did not induce reactive oxygen species production or cell aggregation in whole blood 89 and 137
Infection of brain, liver, breast, and lung abscesses P. anaerobicus Pros: gallidermin can be used to enhance the inhibition effect of antibiotics on P. anaerobicus and reduce the dosage of antibiotics. Besides that, it displayed no cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts and hemolyzed less than 1% of human RBCs, and did not induce reactive oxygen species production or cell aggregation in whole blood 89 and 137
Acnes P. acnes Pros: gallidermin can be used to enhance the inhibition effect of antibiotics on P. acnes and reduce the dosage of antibiotics. Besides that, it displayed no cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts and hemolyzed less than 1% of human RBCs, and did not induce reactive oxygen species production or cell aggregation in whole blood 89 and 137
L. fermentum GA715 Fermencin SA715 Pneumonia, urinary tract infections and bacteremia P. aeruginosa Pros: fermencin SA715 possesses high thermal and pH stability 28
Cons: no preliminary study of the inhibition effect of fermencin SA715 on P. aeruginosa with an animal model and humans is carried out
Pneumonia and meningitis M. luteus Pros: fermencin SA715 possesses high thermal and pH stability 28
Cons: no preliminary study of the inhibition effect of fermencin SA715 on M. luteus with an animal model and humans is carried out
Infection of bladder E. coli Pros: fermencin SA715 possesses high thermal and pH stability 28
Cons: no preliminary study of the inhibition effect of fermencin SA715 on E. coli with an animal model and humans is carried out
Infections of respiratory tract, skin and surgical site S. aureus Pros: fermencin SA715 possesses high thermal and pH stability 28
Cons: no preliminary study of the inhibition effect of fermencin SA715 on S. aureus with an animal model and humans is carried out
Pharyngitis, endocarditis, gastrointestinal tract infection and skin infection Corynebacterium spp Pros: fermencin SA715 possesses high thermal and pH stability 28
Cons: no preliminary study of the inhibition effect of fermencin SA715 on Corynebacterium spp with an animal model and humans is carried out
L. fermentum SD11 Fermencin SD11 Dental carries and gingivitis S. mutans, S. sobrinus, A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis and C. albicans Pros: fermencin SD11 is stable at acidic environment and may be used an alternative approach for promoting oral health or prevention of oral diseases 144 and 146
Cons: no preliminary study of the inhibition effect of fermencin SD11 with an animal model and humans is carried out