Table 1.

Estimated and Measured Actuator Output Torque, at 50 kPa Chamber Pressure

M/A	Active components	Area [mm2]	Lever arm [mm]	Ar [m3 × 10−4]	Torque = pAr at 50 kPa [Nm]
Model 1	Piston base	3044	39.0	1.19	5.9
Model 2	Piston base + full gap	4070	38.8	1.58	7.9
Model 3	Piston base + 0.5 gap	3557	38.9	1.38	6.9
Actuator	Measured	—	—	1.46	7.3

The output torque depends on the effective piston area and lever arm, that is, the sum of all area A perpendicular to the rotation direction, and its lever arm r. The measured actuator's output torque lies just above the torque of the model “piston base + 0.5 gap.”