Various mollusk and seashell-derived solid catalyst yields for biodiesel production^d.

No.	Catalyst source	Catalyst	Feedstock	Conditionsa	Yield (%)	Ref.
1	Oyster shell	CaO/KI	Soybean	10 : 1, 1 mmol g−1, 50, 240	79.5	220
2	Oyster shell	CaO	Soybean oil	6 : 1, 25, 65, 300	73.8	221
3	Oyster and Pyramidella shells	CaO	Jatropha oil	15 : 1, 4, MW, 6	93	222
4	River snail shell	CaO	WCO	9 : 1, 3, 65, 60	92.5b	223
5	River snail shell	CaO	Palm oil	12 : 1, 5, 65, 90	98.5	224
6	River snail shell	CaO	Soybean oil	9 : 1, 3c, 65, 180	98	225
7	River snail shell	CaO	WFO	6.03 : 1, 2, 60, 420	87.28	226
8	Snail shell	CaO/KBr/kaolin	Soybean oil	6 : 1, 2, 65, 120	98.5	227
9	Snail shell	CaO	Soybean oil	6 : 1, 3, RT, 420	98	228
10	Snail shell	CaO	WFO	6 : 1, 3, 60, 60	96	229
11	Snail shell	CaO	WCO	9 : 1, 9, 60, 180	84.14	230
12	Snail shell (S. canarium)	CaO	WCO	12 : 1, 3, 65, 240	83.5	231
13	Snail shell	Nano-CaO	H. wightiana oil	12.4 : 1, 0.892, 61.6, 145.154	98.93	232
14	Snail shell	CaO	A. africana seed oil	6 : 1, 1.5, 55, 65	85	233
15	Mussel/cockle/scallop shell	CaO	Palm oil	9 : 1, 10, 65, 180	95	234
16	Mussel shell (Perna varidis)	C/CaO/NaOH	Palm oil	0.5 : 1, 7.5, 65, 180	95.12	235
17	Mussel shell	CaO/KOH	Castor oil	6 : 1, 2, 60, 180	91.17	236
18	Mussel shell	CaO	Soybean oil	24 : 1, 12, 60, 480	94.1	237
19	Mussel shell	CaO	Soybean oil	9 : 1, 4, 65, 180	>98b	238
20	Fresh water mussel shell	CaO	Chinese tallow oil	12 : 1, 5, 70, 90	97.5	239
21	Mussel/clamp/oyster	CaO	Camelina sativa oil	12 : 1, 1, 65, 120	95/93/91	240
22	Angel wing shell	CaO	N. oculata (microalgae) oil	150 : 1, 9, 65, 60	84.11	241
23	Angel wing shell	CaO–SO4	PFAD	15 : 1, 5, 80, 180	98b	242
24	Clamshell	CaO	Palm oil	9 : 1, 1, 65, 120	98	243
25	Short necked clam (O. orbiculata) shell	CaO	JCO	20 : 1, 4, 65, 360	93	244
26	Clamshell (M. mereterix)	CaO	WFO	6.03 : 1, 3, 60, 180	> 89	245
27	White bivalve clamshell	CaO	WFO	18 : 1, 8, 65, 180	95.84	246
28	Venus clam (Tapes belcheri S.)	CaO	Palm oil	15 : 1, 5, 65, 360	97	247
29	Abalon shell	CaO	Palm oil	9 : 1, 7, 65, 150	96.2	248
30	T. jourdani shell	CaO	Palm oil	3 : 1, 10, 80, 420	99.33b	249
31	A. cristatum shell	CaO	Palm oil	8 : 1, 3, 60, 360	93	250
32	Cockleshell	CaO	Palm oil	0.54 : 1, 4.9, reflux, 180	99.4	251
33	Obtuse horn shell	CaO	Palm oil	12 : 1, 5, reflux, 360	86.75	252
34	Biont (turtle) shell	CaO/KF	Rape seed oil	9 : 1, 3, 70, 180	97.5	253
35	Turbonilla striatula shell	CaO	Mustard oil	9 : 1, 3, 65 ± 5, 360	93.3	254
36	Turbonilla striatula shell	CaO/Ba	WCO	6 : 1, 1, 65, 120	> 98b	255
37	Chicoreus brunneus shell	CaO	Rice bran oil	30 : 1, 0.4, 65, 120	93	256
38	Shrimp shell	CaO/KF	Rape seed oil	9 : 1, 2.5, 65, 180	89.1b	257
39	P. erosa seashells	Nano-CaO	Jatropha oil	5.15 : 1, 0.02, RT, 133.1	95.8	258
40	Crab shell (S. tranquebarica)	CaO	Sunflower oil	12 : 1, 8, 95, 75	94.2	259
41	Crab shell	CaO/Na-ZSM-5	Neem oil	12 : 1, 15, 75, 360	95	260
42	Crab shell (S. serrata)	CaO	Palm oil	0.5 : 1, 5, 65, 150	98.8	261
43	Crab shell	CaO	Karanja oil	8 : 1, 2.5, 65, 120	94	262

^aMethanol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst loading (wt%), temperature (°C), reaction time (min).

^bConversion.

^cw/w.

^dPFAD = palm fatty acid distillate.