Different bifunctional solid catalyst yields reported for biodiesel production.
| No | Catalyst | Feedstocks | Conditionsa | Yield (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mo–Mn/γ-Al2O3-15% MgO | WCO | 27 : 1, 3, 100, 240 | 91.4 | 78 |
| 2 | Cu/Zn(10 : 90)/γ-Al2O3-800 °C | WCO | 18 : 1, 6, 65 ± 5, 180 | 88.82 | 431 |
| 3 | Mg/MCM-41 | WCO | 8 : 1, 10, 80, 180 | 94 | 432 |
| 4 | γ-Al2O3–CeO2 | WCO | 30 : 1, 7, 110, 270 | 81.1 | 433 |
| 5 | KAcZX | WCO | 48 : 1, 6, 120, 180 | 80.8 | 434 |
| 6 | Sr/ZrO2 | WCO | 29 : 1, 2.7, 115.5, 169 | 79.7 | 435 |
| 7 | Bi2O3–La2O3 | JCO | 15 : 1, 2, 150, 240 | 94 | 436 |
| 8 | CaO–La2O3 | JCO | 25 : 1, 3, 160, 180 | 98.76 | 437 |
| 9 | Mn@MgO–ZrO2 | Kernel oil | 15 : 1, 3, 90, 240 | 96.4 | 438 |
| 10 | HPA@ZIF-8 | Rapeseed oil | 10 : 1, 4, 240, 300 | 98.02b | 439 |
| 11 | AWS/SO42− | PFAD | 15 : 1, 5, 80, 180 | 98 | 441 |
| 12 | [Zn(4,4′-bipy)(OAc)2]n | Soybean oil | 3.2/5 (v/v), 2, 180, 120 | 98 | 442 |
| 13 | K/TiO2 | Canola oil | 36 : 1, 6, 70, 180 | 100b | 443 |
Methanol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst loading (wt%), temperature (°C), reaction time (min).
Conversion.