Table 5.
Parenting Behavior, Parental Psychosocial Factors, and Socioeconomic Adversity on Executive Function Ability at Age Five Years (n=154)
| Models with parental depression symptoms | Models with parental anxiety symptoms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate (SE) |
p | Estimate (SE) |
p | ||
| Step 1 (Marginal R2 = .13) | Step 1 (Marginal R2 = .13) | ||||
| Children’s birth group | 0.75 (0.19) | <.001 | Children’s birth group | 0.75 (0.19) | <.001 |
| Negative Parenting Component | −0.27 (0.11) | .01 | Negative Parenting Component | −0.27 (0.11) | .01 |
| Parental involvement in home learning | 0.21 (0.11) | .05 | Parental involvement in home learning | 0.21 (0.11) | .05 |
| Step 2 (Marginal R2 = .21) | Step 2 (Marginal R2 = .26) | ||||
| Children’s birth group | 0.68 (0.18) | <.001 | Children’s birth group | 0.70 (0.18) | <.001 |
| Negative Parenting Component | −0.26 (0.10) | .01 | Negative Parenting Component | −0.27 (0.11) | .02 |
| Parental involvement in home learning | 0.16 (0.10) | .10 | Parental involvement in home learning | 0.17 (0.10) | .09 |
| Parental depression symptoms | −0.35 (0.12) | .006 | Parent anxiety symptoms | −0.21 (0.09) | .02 |
| Step 3 (Marginal R2 = .26) | Step 3 (Marginal R2 = .38) | ||||
| Children’s birth group | 0.58 (0.19) | .003 | Children’s birth group | 0.56 (0.18) | .003 |
| Negative Parenting Component | −0.13 (0.13) | .33 | Negative Parenting Component | −0.09 (0.12) | .47 |
| Parental involvement in home learning | 0.04 (0.11) | .74 | Parental involvement in home learning | 0.03 (0.10) | .76 |
| Parental depression symptoms | −0.31 (0.13) | .02 | Parent anxiety symptoms | −0.22 (0.08) | .01 |
| Socioeconomic Adversity Composite a | −0.31 (0.11) | .005 | Socioeconomic Adversity Composite a | −0.36 (0.10) | .001 |
Note. Standardized estimates from linear mixed-effect models shown. There were no significant interaction terms between group, negative parenting, adversity or depression symptoms on children’s executive function ability. Birth Group coded FT=0, VPT=1. For linear mixed-effect models conducted in SPSS, the highest value of a categorical factor is used as the reference group.
a
Socioeconomic Adversity Composite is based upon sum of maternal demographic stressor index, Income-to-Needs Ratio (reversed scored), and Area Deprivation Index percentile z-scores.