. 2022 Jun 9;40(26):3516–3527. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.069

Table 1.

Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against severe disease.

Study (Country)	Study Design (Variables controlled for in VE estimates)	Testing Period	Age group (years)/Study population	Severe Disease Outcome	PRIMARY SERIES			BOOSTER
Study (Country)	Study Design (Variables controlled for in VE estimates)	Testing Period	Age group (years)/Study population	Severe Disease Outcome	Vaccine	Time interval since final dose (days)	Vaccine effectiveness (95% CI)	Vaccine	Time interval since booster dose (days)	Vaccine effectiveness (95% CI)
Araos (Chile)	Retrospective cohort (age, sex, geographic region, proxy for income, nationality, comorbidities	Dec 6, 2021 – Feb 26, 2022	3–5	Hospitalization with clinical criteria	Sinovac - CoronaVac	≥14	65.2 (50.4–75.6)
Araos (Chile)		Dec 6, 2021 – Feb 26, 2022	3–5	ICU admission	Sinovac - CoronaVac	≥14	68.8 (18.0–88.1)
Baum (Finland)	(age, sex, geographic region, long-term care residence, influenza vaccination, previous hospitalization, comorbidities)	Jan 1, 2022 – Feb 19, 2022	≥ 70	Hospitalization with clinical criteria (any inpatient encounter with a primary diagnosis of Covid-19, acute respiratory tract infection, or severe complications of lower respiratory tract infections)	AstraZeneca - Vaxzevria	14–90	100 (CI omitted)*	Moderna -Spikevax	14–60	100 (CI omitted)
						91–180	41 (-140–86)	Moderna -Spikevax	≥61	40 (-336–92)*
						≥181	43 (-10–70)	Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	14–60	98 (89–100)
						≥181	43 (-10–70)	Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥61	90 (27–99)*
					Moderna -Spikevax	14–90	92 (43–99)	Moderna -Spikevax	14–60	97 (92–99)
						91–180	90 (28–99)	Moderna -Spikevax	≥61	92 (79–97)*
						≥181	72 (43-86)	Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	14–60	96 (82–99)
						≥181	72 (43-86)	Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥61	100 (CI omitted)*
					Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	14–90	91 (79–96)	Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	14–60	95 (94–97)
						91–180	76 (56–86)	Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥61	90 (87–93)*
						≥181	61 (48–71)	Moderna -Spikevax	14–60	94 (89–97)
						≥181	61 (48–71)	Moderna -Spikevax	≥61	48 (-13–76)*
Buchan (Canada)	Test-negative case-control (age, sex, geographic region, number of tests, prior infection, comorbidities, influenza vaccination, neighborhood median income, proportion of population employed as non-health essential workers, number persons in household, proportion of population identifying as minority)	Dec 6, 2021 – Dec 26, 2021	≥18	Hospitalization with clinical criteria (specific guidance provided to report only hospitalizations due to COVID, i.e. persons who received treatment for COVID-19)	Moderna – Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty			Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥7	95 (87–98)
Buchan (Canada)		Dec 6, 2021 – Dec 26, 2021	≥18		Moderna – Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty			Moderna – Spikevax	≥7	93 (74–98)
Chemaitelly (Qatar)	Test-negative case- control (matched two-to-one by sex, 10-year age group, nationality, and calendar week of PCR test)	Dec 23, 2021 – Feb 2, 2022	All	Severe, critical, or fatal disease	Moderna - Spikevax	0–179	87.1 (40.2–97.2)	Moderna - Spikevax	1–41	81.8 (-49.5–97.8)
					Moderna - Spikevax	≥180	68.4 (46.1–81.5)		≥42	100 (CI omitted)*
					Pfizer BioNTech -Comirnaty	0–179	70.4 (45.0–84.0)	Pfizer BioNTech -Comirnaty	1–41	90.9 (78.6–96.1)
					Pfizer BioNTech -Comirnaty	≥180	77.5 (67.8–84.3)	Pfizer BioNTech -Comirnaty	≥42	90.1 (80.6–95.0)*
Collie (South Africa)	Test-negative case-control (age, sex, prior infection, calendar time, geographic region, number of CDC risk factors)	Nov 15, 2021 – Dec 7, 2021	≥18	Hospitalization	Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥14	70 (62–76)*
Ferdinands (USA)	Test-negative case-control (age, geographic region, calendar time, local virus circulation, propensity to be vaccinated)	Dec 16, 2021 – Jan 22, 2022	≥18	Hospitalization with clinical criteria (Hospitalization with COVID-19–like illness which includes diagnoses of acute respiratory illness such as COVID-19, respiratory failure or pneumonia, or related signs or symptoms such as cough, fever, dyspnea, vomiting, or diarrhea)	Moderna - Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	14–59	71 (51–83)	Moderna -Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	14–59	91 (88–93)
						60–119	65 (53–74)*		60–119	88 (85–90)*
						120–149	58 (38–71))		≥120	78 (67–85)
						≥150	54 (48–59)*		≥120	78 (67–85)
Florentino (Brazil)	Test-negative case-control (age, sex, calendar week, geographic region, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, prior infection, current pregnancy or being in post-partum period)	Jan 1, 2022 – Mar 8, 2022	12–17	Hospitalization with clinical criteria (Hospitalizations reported through the SIVEP-Gripe system which reports cases of severe acute respiratory infection, which can be defined as an acute respiratory infection with onset, within the past 10 d, of fever and cough, and typically requires hospitalization.)	Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	14–27	75.4 (57.3–85.9)*
						28–41	82.1 (70.7–89.1)
						42–55	82.8 (74.5–88.5)*
						56–69	81.2 (73.4–86.7)*
						70–83	83.0 (75.1–88.4)*
						84–97	89.8 (82.1–94.2)*
						≥98	84.9 (75.2–90.8)
Gray (South Africa)	Test-negative case-control (age, sex, number of documented risk factors, surveillance week, period of prior infection, geographic region)	Nov 8, 2021 – Dec 17, 2021	HCW	Hospitalization	Janssen - Ad26.COV.2			Janssen - Ad26.COV.2	14–27	84 (67–92)*
Gray (South Africa)		Nov 8, 2021 – Dec 17, 2021	HCW	Hospitalization	Janssen - Ad26.COV.2			Janssen - Ad26.COV.2	30–60	85 (54–95)
Hansen (Denmark)	Retrospective cohort (age, sex, comorbidities, geographic region, calendar time)	Dec 28, 2021 – Feb 15, 2022	≥ 12	Hospitalization (any hospital admission lasting at least 12 h and occurring no earlier than two days before, and no later than 14 days after, a positive PCR test)	Moderna - Spikevax			Moderna - Spikevax	14–30	90.2 (87.3–92.5)
									31–60	87.7 (85.3–89.7)*
									61–90	87.8 (84.5–90.4)*
									91–120	83.6 (77.7–88.0)
									≥121	77.3 (63.1–86.1)*
					Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	14–30	50.5 (33.9–63.0)	Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	14–30	88.8 (87.3–90.1)
						31–60	48.5 (36.6–58.2)*		31–60	88.5 (87.4–89.6)*
						61–90	42.6 (26.9–54.9)*		61–90	84.9 (83.1–86.5)*
						91–120	47.2 (33.7–57.9)		91–120	79.0 (76.5–81.3)
						≥121	51.6 (47.2–55.6)*		≥121	66.2 (61.1–70.7)*
Lauring (USA)	Test-negative case-control (age, sex, geographic region, calendar time, race/ethnicity)	Dec 26, 2021 – Jan 14, 2022	≥18	Hospitalization with clinical criteria (Hospitalization with a clinical syndrome consistent with acute covid-19: ≥1 of fever, cough, shortness of breath, loss of taste, loss of smell, use of respiratory support for the acute illness, or new pulmonary findings on chest imaging consistent with pneumonia)	Moderna – Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥14	65 (51–75)	Moderna – Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	7+	86 (77–91)
Natarajan (USA)	Test-negative case-control (age, calendar week, geographic region, local virus circulation, comorbidities, propensity to be vaccinated)	Dec 16, 2021 – Mar 7, 2022	≥18	Hospitalization with clinical criteria (Hospitalization with COVID-19–like illness which includes diagnoses of acute respiratory illness such as COVID-19, respiratory failure or pneumonia, or related signs or symptoms such as cough, fever, dyspnea, vomiting, or diarrhea)	Janssen-Ad26.COV2.S	≥14	31 (21–40)*	Janssen-Ad26.COV2.	7+	67 (52–77)*
					Janssen-Ad26.COV2.S	≥14	31 (21–40)*	Moderna - Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	7+	78 (70–84)*
					Moderna -Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty			Moderna - Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	7+	90 (88–91)*
Price (USA)	Test-negative case-control (age, sex, calendar time, geographic region, race, ethnicity)	Dec 19, 2021 – Feb 17, 2022	5–11	Hospitalization with clinical criteria (Hospitalization with COVID 19 as primary reason for admission or with a clinical syndrome consistent with acute COVID-19: one or more fever, cough, shortness of breath, loss of taste, loss of smell, gastrointestinal symptoms, receipt of respiratory support, or new pulmonary findings on chest imaging.) Hospitalization	Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥14	68 (42–82)
			12–18		Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	14–160	43 (-1–68)
			12–18		Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	161–314	38 (-3–62)
Ranzani (Brazil)	Test-negative case-control (age, comorbidities, race, prior symptomatic infection)	Dec 25, 2021 – Mar 10, 2022	≥18	Hospitalization with clinical criteria (Hospitalizations reported through the SIVEP-Gripe system which reports cases of severe acute respiratory infection, which can be defined as an acute respiratory infection with onset, within the past 10 d, of fever and cough, and typically requires hospitalization.)	Sinovac- Coronavac	14–59	49.9 (30.7–63.7)	Sinovac- Coronavac	8–59	71.3 (60.3–73.2)
						60–179	62.6 (58.5–66.3)	Sinovac- Coronavac	≥60	65.4 (61.5–68.8)
						≥180	57 (53.5–60.2)	Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	8–59	85.5 (83.8–87.0)
						≥180	57 (53.5–60.2)	Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥60	86.1 (85.0–87.1)
Šmíd (Czech Republic)	Retrospective cohort (age group, sex and prior infection)	Dec 7, 2021 – Feb 13, 2022	≥5	Hospitalization (hospital admission of a person, who tested positive on a PCR test, within two weeks after the confirmed infection or earlier)	AstraZeneca - Vaxzevria	75–134	−139 (-861–41)
					AstraZeneca - Vaxzevria	≥135	13 (-8–30)
					Janssen - Ad26.COV2.S	14–74	28 (–22–57)
						75–134	40 (-8–66)
						≥135	38 (8–58)
					Moderna - Spikevax	14–74	51 (-20–80)	Moderna - Spikevax	14–74	89 (84–93)
						75–134	39 (-92–81)		≥75	84 (72–91)*
						≥135	31 (9–49)		≥75	84 (72–91)*
					Pfizer BioNTech -Comirnaty	14–74	46 (28–60)	Pfizer BioNTech -Comirnaty	14–74	86 (84–89)
						75–134	−10 (-51–19)		≥75	79 (74–82)*
						≥135	34 (24–42)		≥75	79 (74–82)*
Stowe (UK)	Test-negative case-control (age, sex, index of multiple deprivation, calendar week, health and social care worker status, clinical risk group, clinically extremely vulnerable, severely immunosuppressed, prior infection)	Nov 22, 2021 – Feb 2, 2022	18–64	Hospitalization with clinical criteria (Hospitalization for at least 2 days stay and ARI code in primary diagnostic field)	AstraZeneca - Vaxzevria	14–174	59 (31.9–75.3)	Moderna - Spikevax	7–13	97.2 (86.1–99.4)*
									14–34	93.0 (86.4–96.4)
									35–69	89.2 (82.5–93.3)*
								Pfizer BioNTech -Comirnaty	7–13	90.2 (78.1–95.6)*
						≥175	53 (41.7–62)		14–34	88.9 (83.8–92.4)
									35–69	83.9(79.1–87.5)*
									≥70	82.2(76.3–86.7)*
									≥105	69 (50.3–80.7)
					Pfizer BioNTech -Comirnaty	14–174	73.8 (62.5–81.7)	Pfizer BioNTech -Comirnaty	7–13	85.2 (47.1–95.8)*
									14–34	79.7 (66.3–87.7)
									35–69	86.6 (81.3–90.4)*
						≥175	65.1 (51.3–74.9)		≥70	79.3 (71.3–85.0)*
									≥105	66.0 (44.5–79.2)
								Moderna - Spikevax	14–34	94.3 (85.0–97.8)
								Moderna - Spikevax	35–69	89.8 (77.9–95.3)*
			≥65		AstraZeneca - Vaxzevria	14–174	71.2 (50–83.4)	Moderna - Spikevax	14–34	92.9 (87.7–95.9)*
									35–69	92.7 (89.1–95.2)
									≥70	91.8 (85.9–95.3)
								Pfizer BioNTech -Comirnaty	7–13	85.4 (73.4–92.0)*
						≥175	53.1 (43.4–61.2)		14–34	91.3 (88.5–93.5)
									35–69	89.2 (87.1–91.0)*
									≥70	87.6 (85.2–89.6)*
									≥105	86.1 (82.5–88.9)
					Pfizer BioNTech -Comirnaty	14–174	87.6 (79.4–92.5)	Pfizer BioNTech -Comirnaty	7–13	86.4 (69.1–94.0)*
									14–34	90.0 (85.4–93.2)
									35–69	88.4 (85.7–90.6)*
									≥70	88.4 (86.2–90.2)*
									≥105	85.2 (82.1–87.7)
						≥175	65.4 (56.6–72.5)	Moderna - Spikevax	7–13	92.9 (50.2–99.0)*
									14–34	92.9 (83.0–97.1)
									35–69	90.9 (84.8–94.5)*
									≥70	97.3 (90.8–99.2)
Tartof (USA)	Test-negative case- control (age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, Charlson comorbidity index, prior infection)	Dec 1, 2021 – Jan 11, 2022	≥ 18	Hospitalization with clinical criteria (Hospitalization for covid-like illness: with 1 or more COVID-19 symptoms)	Pfizer BioNTech -Comirnaty	7–89	70 (41–84)	Pfizer BioNTech -Comirnaty	14–89	89 (83–92)
						90–179	67 (44–80)		≥90	90 (57–98)*
						≥180	68 (56–76)		≥90	90 (57–98)*
Tenforde (USA)	Case-control (age, sex, geographic region, calendar time, race and ethnicity)	Dec 26, 2021 – Jan 24, 2022	≥18	Invasive mechanical ventilation or in-hospital death	Moderna – Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥14	79 (66–87)*	Moderna – Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥7	94 (88–97)*
Thompson (USA)	Test-negative case-control (age, geographic region, calendar time, local virus circulation, propensity to be vaccinated)	Dec 16, 2021 – Jan 5, 2022	≥18	Hospitalization with clinical criteria (Hospitalization with COVID-19–like illness which includes diagnoses of acute respiratory illness such as COVID-19, respiratory failure or pneumonia, or related signs or symptoms such as cough, fever, dyspnea, vomiting, or diarrhea)	Moderna – Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	14–179	81 (65–90)	Moderna – Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥14	90 (80–94)*
Thompson (USA)		Dec 16, 2021 – Jan 5, 2022	≥18		Moderna – Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥180	57 (39–70)	Moderna – Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty
Tseng (USA)	Test-negative case- control (age group, sex, race/ethnicity, comorbidities, frailty index, prior infection, number of healthcare encounters, specimen type, medical center area)	Dec 6, 2021 – Dec 31 2021	≥ 18	Hospitalization with clinical criteria (Hspitalization with a SARS-CoV-2-positive test or hospitalization ≤ 7 days after a SARS-CoV-2-positive test. COVID-19 hospitalization was confirmed by manual chart review conducted by a physician investigator (B.K.A.) to verify the presence of severe COVID-19 symptoms)	Moderna - Spikevax	≥14	84.5 (23.0–96.9)*	Moderna - Spikevax	≥14	99.2 (76.3–100.0)
UKHSA/ Andrews (UK)	Test-negative case- control (age group, sex, index of multiple deprivations (quintile), ethnic group, geographic region, period (day of test), health and social care worker status, clinical risk group status, clinically extremely vulnerable, and previously testing positive)	Nov 27, 2021 -Jan 23, 2022.	≥ 18	Hospitalization	AstraZeneca - Vaxzevria	140–174	55.8 (34.1–70.3)	Moderna - Spikevax	14–34	91.4 (86.8–94.4)
								Moderna - Spikevax	35–69	91.2 (82.8–95.5)*
								Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	14–34	86.9 (82.8–90.1)
						≥175	32.7 (19.7–43.6)		35–69	85 (81.2–88)*
						≥175	32.7 (19.7–43.6)		70–104	77.5 (69.9–83.3)
					Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	14–34	73.6 (40.7–88.3)	Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	14–34	88.2 (82.7–91.9)
						35–69	71.7 (49.4–84.1)*		35–69	84.5 (80.5–87.7)*
						35–69	71.7 (49.4–84.1)*		70–104	75.8 (69.7–80.6)
						70–104	53.9 (35.3–67.1)*		70–104	75.8 (69.7–80.6)
						70–104	53.9 (35.3–67.1)*	Moderna - Spikevax	14–34	92.0 (83.0–96.2)
						105–139	59.9 (48.4–68.8)		14–34	92.0 (83.0–96.2)
						140–174	57.3 (42.7–68.2)*		35–69	93.7 (80.3–98.0)*
						≥175	34.9 (17.7–48.4)		35–69	93.7 (80.3–98.0)*
Young-Xu (USA)	Test-negative case-control (age, sex, geographic region, comorbidities,	Dec 1, 2021 – Jan 14, 2022	Veterans ≥ 18	Hospitalization	Moderna – Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥14	44 (26–58)*	Moderna – Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥14	87 (80–91)*
Young-Xu (USA)		Dec 1, 2021 – Jan 14, 2022	Veterans ≥ 18	Death	Moderna – Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥14	75 (52–87)*	Moderna – Spikevax or Pfizer BioNTech - Comirnaty	≥14	94 (85–98)*

Abbreviations: HCW, healthcare workers. * Not included in plot for one of following reasons: another similar time interval was available, time interval is large and cannot be placed into a specific time period for plot, or VE estimate not reliable (may apply to VE of 100% where small numbers preclude informative confidence intervals).