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PD‐L1 promotes cell invasiveness and soft agar growth by decreasing TGF‐β1 expression. (a) TL1 and (b) CL1‐5 cells were transfected with shPD‐L1 and/or shTGF‐β1 for 48 hours and then the expression of PD‐L1, TGF‐β1, SMAD4, VEGFC, and p21 was evaluated by Western blotting in both cell types. The representative soft agar growth on soft agar plates and invasiveness of cells in matrigel membranes in TL1 (C) and CL1‐5 (D) cells are shown as indicated
