Toxicity profiles observed for the studied TiO2 nanoparticles incubated for 24 h in a lung coculture system (A549 epithelial cells/macrophages differentiated from THP-1 cells). Cytotoxicity was evaluated by assessing cell viability with Trypan blue assay. Pro-inflammatory response was assessed by the production level of the IL-8 and TNF-α pro-inflammatory cytokines. Oxidative stress was determined by the assessment of the ROS produced.
| Cytotoxicity | Pro-inflammatory response | Oxidative stress | |
|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | + | + | − |
| S2 | ++ | + | − |
| S3 | ++++ | ++ | − |
| S4 | ++ | ++ | − |
| P25 | +++ | ++ | − |