Table 1.
Examples of ongoing clinical trials of novel immune-modulating agents targeting steps of the cancer-immunity cycle.
| Step of the cancer-immunity cycle | Mechanism of action/therapeutic target | Malignancy | Clinical trial phase | Examples of clinical trials (NCT number) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/2/3 | Neoantigen vaccination | Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies | Phase I, II, III |
NCT04397926 NCT05192460 NCT03956056 |
| 1/2/3 | Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination | Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies | Phase I, II, III | NCT04567069NCT03730948 NCT05195619 |
| 1/2 | Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors | Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies | Phase I, II, III |
NCT04231448 NCT03592472 NCT04651127 |
| 4/5 | Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells | Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies | Phase I, II, III |
NCT04257175 NCT05020392 NCT03651128 |
| 4/5 | T-cell receptor (TCR) T-cells | Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies | Phase I, II |
NCT03778814 NCT03441100 NCT05066165 |
| 4/5 | Bispecific T-cell engager (BiTEs) antibodies | Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies | Phase I, II, III |
NCT04631601 NCT04827745 NCT03319940 NCT04260191 |
| 4/5 | Trispecific T-cell engager (TriKEs) antibodies | Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies | Phase I, II |
NCT03214666 NCT03577028 NCT05013554 NCT04184050 |
| 5 | Cytokines involved in T-cell priming (i.e. interferon alpha, chemokines) | Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies | Phase I, II, III |
NCT02506153 NCT04081389 NCT04943679 NCT02634294 |
| 5 | Costimulatory factors for T-cell priming (i.e. CD27, CD40, OX40) | Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies | Phase I, II |
NCT03307746 NCT04081688 NCT03424005 NCT02845323 NCT03414658 NCT03323398 |
| 6 | Interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitors | Solid tumors | Phase I, II |
NCT03999749 NCT04452214 |
| 6 | Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) inhibitors | Solid tumors | Phase I | NCT04581343 |
| 1/7 | Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors | Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies | Phase I, II, III |
NCT02484404 NCT03061188 NCT03598270 |
| 1/7 | Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors | Solid tumors | Phase I, II |
NCT03041311 NCT04000529 NCT04213404 |
| 7 | Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) | Solid tumors | Phase I, II, III |
NCT05000294 NCT04493203 NCT04879368 |
| 7 | Wnt inhibitors | Solid tumors | Phase I | NCT01351103 |
| 7 | Viral vectors | Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies | Phase I, II |
NCT05076760 NCT03152318 NCT03004183 |
| 7 | Natural killer cells | Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies | Phase I, II, III |
NCT04590963 NCT05221840 NCT04307329 NCT02921685 |
| 7 | Cancer-associated fibroblasts | Solid tumors | Phase I, II | NCT05064618 |
| 7 | Tumor-associated macrophages | Solid tumors, hematologic malignancies | Phase I, II, III | NCT02339571 |
BiTEs, bispecific T-cell engager; CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; DC, dendritic cell; HDAC, histone deacetylase; IL, interleukin; PARP, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; TCR, T-cell receptor; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor; TriKEs, trispecific T-cell engager; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.