. 2022 Apr 19;12(3):210–222. doi: 10.1089/brain.2020.0790

Table 2.

Strengths of Within-Brain Effective Connectivity (Granger Causality Indices) Between Two Language Systems

	Listener		Speaker
	Broca to Wernicke	Wernicke to Broca	Broca to Wernicke	Wernicke to Broca
Dialogue
Original	0.0370 ± 0.0016^a,b	0.0398 ± 0.0021^a,b	0.0433 ± 0.0038^a,b	0.0379 ± 0.0018
Surrogate	0.0349 ± 0.0014	0.0350 ± 0.0016	0.0357 ± 0.0016	0.0355 ± 0.0016
Shuffled	0.0320 ± 0.0025	0.0332 ± 0.0017	0.0336 ± 0.0037	0.0335 ± 0.0015
Monologue
Original	0.0454 ± 0.0026^a,b	0.0378 ± 0.0016^a	0.0430 ± 0.0037^a,b	0.0355 ± 0.0014
Surrogate	0.0350 ± 0.0015	0.0347 ± 0.0015	0.0364 ± 0.0016	0.0361 ± 0.0016
Shuffled	0.0332 ± 0.0025	0.0338 ± 0.0016	0.0330 ± 0.0036	0.0331 ± 0.0013

Values show mean ± standard error for original and shuffled data sets and mean ± standard deviation for surrogate data sets, respectively. We used standard deviation to describe the distribution of surrogate data since the standard error is affected by the arbitrarily determined number of generated data sets.

^{^a}

Significantly larger than surrogate control.

^{^b}

Significantly larger than shuffled control (p < 0.05).