Table 2.
Number and percentage of female participants taking various medications and dietary supplements.
| Controls | Pre-COVID-19 Participants with Long-COVID | Post-COVID-19 Participants with Long-COVID | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antihistamines | 24 (26.9%) | 45 (36.9%) | 70 (57.4%)c |
| Antidepressants | 20 (22.5%) | 24 (19.7%) | 22 (18.0%) |
| NSAIDS | 32 (36.0%) | 54 (44.3%) | 75 (61.5%)c |
| Immunosuppressantsa | 4 (4.5%) | 9 (7.4%) | 34 (27.9%)c |
| Montelukast | 3 (3.4%) | 11 (9.0%) | 13 (10.7%) |
| Steroids | 2 (2.2%) | 6 (4.9%) | 32 (26.2%)c |
| Benzodiazepines | 10 (11.2%) | 17 (13.9%) | 22 (18.0%) |
| Vitamin C | 27 (30.3%) | 45 (36.9%) | 79 (64.8%)c |
| Vitamin D | 43 (48.3%) | 64 (52.4%) | 87 (71.3%)c |
| Melatonin | 8 (9.0%) | 18 (14.8%) | 46 (37.7%)b,c |
aImmunosuppressants included hydroxychloroquine, 5 different immune modulators, and 10 different biological agents. bSignificantly different from controls. cSignificantly different from pre-COVID-19 participants with long-COVID. COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.