Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with central disorders of hypersomnolence, including NT1, NT2, and IH and healthy controls.
| NT1 | NT2 | IH | Controls | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 290 | 199 | 221 | 595 | |
| Age, y | 41.2 ± 18.3a,b,c | 35.8 ± 13.9 | 35.9 ± 13.8 | 37.9 ± 15.5 | .0002 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.4 ± 5.4a,b,c | 25 ± 5.1 | 24 ± 5.2 | 23.5 ± 5.4 | < .0001 |
| Women, % | 51.4a,c | 52.8a,c | 76a | 62.5 | < .0001 |
| Medication use, % (n) | |||||
| Stimulants | 69.3 (201)a,c | 63.3 (126)a | 56.1 (124)a | 0 | < .0001 |
| Antidepressants† | 44.5 (129)a,b,c | 9.5 (19)a | 9.9 (22)a | 1.2 (7) | < .0001 |
| Sodium oxybate | 22.4 (65)a,b,c | 10.1 (20)a,c | 1.8 (4) | 0 | < .0001 |
| Age at sleepiness onset, y | 23.6 ± 13.4 | 25.6 ± 12.7 | 22.5 ± 13.2 | NA | .68 |
| Disease course, y | 18.3 ± 16.6b, c | 11.9 ± 10.6 | 13.3 ± 12.2 | NA | < .0001 |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale score (0–24) | |||||
| At diagnosis time | 18 ± 3.8b,c | 16.7 ± 3.7 | 15.9 ± 3.9 | NA | < .0001 |
| At study time | 16.6 ± 4.3a,b,c | 14.9 ± 4.6a | 15.2 ± 4.6a | 5 ± 3 | < .0001 |
| Morning sleep inertia, % | 26.9a,b,c | 42.1a,c | 65a | 0.8 | < .0001 |
| Restless legs syndrome, % | 16.8a,b,c | 10.1a | 6.8a | 2.4 | < .0001 |
| Psychological symptoms | |||||
| BDI-II, 0–63 | 13.1 ± 9.7a | 13.7 ± 10a | 12.8 ± 9.3a | 6.2 ± 6.6 | < .0001 |
| BDI-II cutoff > 19, % | 23.8a | 23.4a | 20.7a | 4.6 | < .0001 |
| STAI-Y, A and B score (total) (40–160) | 81.9 ± 21.8a | 85.9 ± 24.4a | 85.6 ± 23.7a | 69.8 ± 19.2 | < .0001 |
| STAI-Y, A | 38.5 ± 11.6a | 40.3 ± 13.5a | 40.4 ± 12.8a | 32.6 ± 9.9 | < .0001 |
| STAI-Y, B | 43.7 ± 11.9a | 45.6 ± 12.3a | 45.3 ± 11.9a | 37.2 ± 10.2 | < .0001 |
| HLA DQB1*06:02 positivity, % | 86.1b,c | 26.19c | 19.9 | Not done | < .0001 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD and % (n). *P for ANOVA with quantitative measures, or P for a logistic regression with qualitative measures, between the 4 groups. †Antidepressants were used for treating cataplexy in NT1 patients (in 6/129 NT1 patients, antidepressants were used to treat both cataplexy and depression) and for treating depression in NT2 and IH patients. aP < .05 for difference from controls. bP < .05 for difference from NT2. cP < .05 for difference from IH. ANOVA = analysis of variance, BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-II, BMI = body mass index, HLA = human leukocyte antigen, IH = idiopathic hypersomnia, NA = not applicable, NT1 = narcolepsy type 1, NT2 = narcolepsy type 2, SD = standard deviation, STAI-Y = State (A) Trait (B) Anxiety Inventory.