Table 2.
Clinically assessed parasomnias in patients with NT1, NT2, and IH and healthy controls.
| Diagnosis | Model 1: Comparison | Model 2: Comparison | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NT1 | NT2 | IH | Controls | Global P Value | NT1 vs Controls | NT2 vs Controls | IH vs Controls | Global P Value | NT1 vs Controls | NT2 vs Controls | IH vs Controls | |
| NREM parasomnias | ||||||||||||
| Current NREM parasomnias | 3.9 (9/234) | 3.6 (6/169) | 1.04 (2/193) | 1.4 (8/578) | .07 | — | — | — | .11 | — | — | — |
| Childhood NREM parasomnias | 17.7 (39/220) | 19.5 (31/159) | 22.3 (41/184) | 12.2 (71/582) | .004 | 1.55 [1.01–2.36]* | 1.74 [1.08–2.75]* | 2.06 [1.34–3.15]* | .02 | 1.62 [1.01–2.58]* | 1.69 [1.04–2.78]* | 1.93 [1.22–3.03]* |
| Family history of sleepwalking | 9.9 (26/263) | 9.7 (18/186) | 14.2 (29/204) | 5.1 (29/564) | .0005 | 2.02 [1.16–3.51]* | 1.98 [1.05–3.62]* | 3.06 [1.77–5.27]* | .0006 | 2.73 [1.5–4.9]* | 2.2 [1.1–4.27]* | 2.96 [1.63–5.34]* |
| Family history of NREM parasomnias | 16.2 (44/271) | 18.5 (35/189) | 24.3 (50/206) | 7.2 (41/572) | < .0001 | 2.51 [1.6–3.96]* | 2.94 [1.8–4.78]* | 4.15 [2.65–6.54]* | < .0001 | 3 [1.82–4.92]* | 3.11 [1.83–5.25]* | 3.89 [2.39–6.35]* |
| Sleep-related eating disorder | 7.9 (18/228) | 1.8 (3/168) | 2.1 (4/192) | 1 (6/573) | < .0001 | 8.1 [3.35–22.59]* | 1.72 [0.36–6.59 | 2.01 [0.51–7.11] | < .0001 | 5.81 [2.24–16.94]* | 1.14 [0.23–4.64] | 1.51 [0.37–5.63] |
| REM parasomnias | ||||||||||||
| Clinical REM sleep behavior disorder | 41.4 (115/278) | 13.2 (25/190) | 1.8 (4/217) | ND | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Nightmares | 85.8 (200/233) | 80.4 (131/163 | 81.2 (151/186) | 77.9 (448/575) | .07 | — | — | — | .03 | 1.88 [1.18–3.08]* | 1.07 [0.66–1.8] | 0.9 [0.57–1.44] |
| Frequent nightmares† | 39 (78/200) | 29 (38/131) | 27.8 (42/151) | 8.3 (37/448) | < .0001 | 7.1 [4.6–11.13]* | 4.54 [2.74–7.55]* | 4.28 [2.63–7.01]* | < .0001 | 5.28 [3.29–8.58]* | 3.2 [1.86–5.51]* | 3.11 [1.84–5.51]* |
| Sleep paralysis | 45 (129/287) | 24.6 (49/199) | 10.9 (24/221) | 1.9 (11/594) | < .0001 | 43.2 [23.8–86.66]* | 17.28 [9.1–35.76]* | 6.45 [3.17–13.92]* | < .0001 | 46.4 [24.18–98.75]* | 16.66 [8.29–36.57]* | 6.99 [3.28–15.92]* |
| Sleep-related hallucinations | 53.8 (155/288) | 29.8 (59/198) | 10.9 (24/221) | 1 (6/594) | < .0001 | 114.21 [53.83–295.55]* | 41.6 [19.04–109.54]* | 11.94 [5.12–32.61]* | < .0001 | 96.33 [44.3–253.32]* | 32.26 [14.31–86.65]* | 10.17 [4.25–28.28]* |
| NREM/REM parasomnias (normal variants) | ||||||||||||
| Sleep talking | 79.7 (173/217) | 59.9 (85/142) | 51.1 (89/174) | 42.5 (247/581) | < .0001 | 5.32 [3.7–7.77]* | 2.02 [1.39–2.94]* | 1.42 [1.01–1.99]* | < .0001 | 5.33 [3.57–8.12]* | 1.76 [1.18–2.65]* | 1.07 [0.74–1.55] |
| Sleep shouting | 49.8 (107/215) | 25.2 (38/151) | 23.3 (43/183) | 10.4 (68/584) | < .0001 | 7.5 [5.21–10.89]* | 2.55 [1.62–3.96]* | 2.33 [1.51–3.55]* | < .0001 | 6.09 [4.1–9.11]* | 2.06 [1.27–3.32]* | 1.87 [1.18–2.93]* |
Values are presented as % (n) and odds ratio [95% confidence interval]. Model 1: crude associations; Model 2: adjusted for sex, age, BDI-II score, and STAI-Y total score. *P < .05. †Frequent nightmares: >1 episode per week. BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-II, IH = idiopathic hypersomnia, ND = not done, NREM = nonrapid eye movement, NT1 = narcolepsy type 1, NT2 = narcolepsy type 2, REM = rapid eye movement, STAI-Y = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.