. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 2.

Published in final edited form as: J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2020 Mar 18;7(6):1071–1078. doi: 10.1007/s40615-020-00730-w

Table 2.

Health Outcomes by Veteran Race and Urban/Rural Status, 2011–12 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey

Health Outcomes	Veteran Race and Rural-Urban Status								Odd Ratios
Health Outcomes	AIAN^a - Rural^b		AIAN^a - Urban^c		White - Rural^b		White - Urban^c		Adjusted for sociodemographics
	%	CI^d	%	CI^d	%	CI^d	%	CI^d	AIAN^a—Rural^c vs. AIAN-Urban^c	AIAN^a-Rural^b vs. White-Rural^b	AIAN^a-Urban^b vs. White-Urban^c
Healthcare access
Has health insurance (<65) (n=36,409 under 65)	85.9%	80.6–89.9	89.0%	85.0–92.1	85.8%	84.3–87.2	91.0%	90.3–91.7	0.92	1.38	1.18
Has a regular provider	83.9%	80.2–87.0	86.2%	82.1–89.5	87.1%	86.3–87.9	89.8%	89.3–90.3	0.80	1.11	1.12
Financial barrier to care	13.6%	10.4–17.7	14.4%	11.3–18.1	7.8%	7.1–8.5	6.0%	5.6–6.4	0.77	1.28	1.72^f
Check-up, prior 12 mo	78.8%	74.6–82.6	72.2%	67.2–76.8	78.3%	77.4–79.2	80.6%	79.9–81.1	1.43	1.32	0.82
General health
Fair/poor self-rated health	35.4%	29.7–41.4	26.0%	22.1–30.3	25.0%	24.1–26.0	20.6%	20.0–21.2	1.25	1.59^f	1.31
Limited activities	47.4%	40.5–54.3	38.8%	34.2–43.7	33.6%	32.6–34.6	30.6%	29.9–31.3	1.23	1.63^g	1.37^f
14+ days in past month:
poor physical health	25.6%	21.0–30.8	25.0%	21.0–29.5	17.0%	16.1–17.8	14.6%	14.1–15.1	0.84	1.52^f	1.80^g
poor mental health	17.5%	13.5–22.3	20.0%	16.0–24.7	9.5%	8.9–10.2	8.5%	8.1–9.0	0.72	1.52^e	2.04^g
Health risk behaviors
Any tobacco use	40.1%	33.1–47.6	29.0%	24.6–33.7	24.3%	23.4–25.3	17.8%	17.2–18.4	1.60	1.66^f	1.35^e
Heavy drinker	4.6%	3.2–6.7	6.8%	4.8–9.5	6.0%	5.5–6.5	5.9%	5.5–6.3	0.67	0.65	1.01
No exercise, past 30 days	32.5%	26.8–38.8	25.5%	21.3–30.2	29.6%	28.6–30.6	24.3%	23.7–25.0	1.18	1.15	1.06
Physical/mental conditions
Obese	33.7%	28.2–39.7	36.2%	31.5–41.2	30.0%	29.0–31.0	28.9%	28.3–29.6	0.86	1.16	1.34^e
Cardiovascular disease	24.5%	20.0–29.8	20.9%	17.7–24.6	23.5%	22.6–24.4	21.4%	20.9–22.0	1.00	1.22	1.19
Diabetes/kidney disease	30.2%	24.4–36.7	23.2%	19.3–27.7	20.4%	19.6–21.2	20.0%	19.4–20.5	1.26	1.94^g	1.45^e
Asthma/COPD	24.4%	20.0–29.5	21.2%	17.9–25.0	16.7%	16.0–17.5	15.4%	14.9–16.0	1.07	1.52^f	1.41^f
Skin cancer	11.2%	8.1–15.4	10.1%	7.9–12.9	17.5%	16.7–18.3	17.0%	16.5–17.5	1.06	0.70	0.70^e
Other cancers	14.2%	9.9–19.8	9.1%	7.0–11.8	13.1%	12.4–13.7	13.5%	13.1–14.0	1.57	1.36	0.82
Arthritis	49.8%	43.0–56.6	47.4%	42.6–52.3	41.9%	40.8–42.9	38.8%	38.1–39.5	0.95	1.53^f	1.69^g
Depression	25.3%	20.5–30.7	19.9%	16.3–24.1	15.5%	14.7–16.3	13.2%	12.7–13.7	1.25	1.51^e	1.34

Note: Adjusted models control for age, sex, marital status, education, income, and region.

American Indian Alaska Native

Rural = Not in a metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

Urban = In an MSA or county of an MSA

Confidence Interval

p ≤0.05

p <0.01

p <0.001