Table 4.

Multivariable linear regression predicting associations between psychological risk factors measured at entry to university and symptoms of depression measured at completion of first year^a

PHQ-9	Cohort 1b (2018–2019)					Cohort 2c (2019–2020)
	ΔR2	β	s.e. β	Standardised β	P-value	ΔR2	β	s.e. β	Standardised β	P-value
Control variables	0.31					0.47
Constant		1.10	0.11		<0.001		0.52	0.15		<0.001
Female		0.12	0.06	0.04	0.05		0.09	0.07	0.03*	0.23
Lifetime mood disorderd		0.39	0.09	0.09*	<0.001		0.41	0.10	0.11*	<0.001
Baseline depressione		0.55	0.02	0.52*	<0.001		0.62	0.03	0.63*	<0.001
Adjusted model	0.03					0.03
Constant		1.81	0.26		<0.001		1.22	0.36		<0.001
Female		0.07	0.07	0.02	0.25		0.05	0.07	0.02*	0.49
Lifetime mood disorderd		0.24	0.10	0.06*	0.01		0.35	0.10	0.09*	<0.001
Baseline depressione		0.36	0.03	0.34*	<0.001		0.43	0.04	0.44*	<0.001
Locus of control
Internalf		0.00	0.01	−0.01	0.80	–	–	–	–	–
Externalf		0.02	0.01	0.06*	<0.01	–	–	–	–	–
Perfectionism
Personal standardsg		–	–	–	–		0.01	0.01	0.03	0.23
Evaluative concernsg		–	–	–	–		0.05	0.02	0.10*	<0.01
Self-esteemh		−0.03	0.01	−0.14*	<0.001		−0.02	0.01	−0.11*	<0.01
Baseline insomniai		0.03	<0.01	0.15*	<0.001		0.02	0.01	0.12*	<0.001
Adjusted R2 for final model	0.35					0.50

PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

^a.Continuous value measured by PHQ-9 at follow-up, square-root adjusted.

^b.P<0.05.

^c.Student-reported at entry to university.

^d.Measured by the PHQ-9 at entry.

^e.Measured by the German Socio-Economic Panel locus of control subscale at entry. No data available for Cohort 2.

^f.Measured by the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire subscale at entry. No data available for Cohort 1.

^g.Measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale at entry.

^h.Measured by the Sleep Condition Indicator, reverse-coded at entry.