Table 7. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis of the factors associated with ongoing transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis among the under-fives (n = 385).
| Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aCOR (95% CI) | p-value | bAOR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Sex of the children | ||||
| Males | 1(Ref) | 0.449 | ||
| Females | 0.81(0.48–1.39) | |||
| Age (months) of the children | ||||
| 12–35 (Young children) | 1(Ref) | 0.764 | ||
| 36–59 (Pre-schoolers) | 1.10(1.35–1.91) | |||
| Sex of the parents/guardians | ||||
| Males | 1(Ref) | 0.590 | ||
| Females | 1.35(0.45–4.00) | |||
| Age (years) of the parents/guardians | ||||
| 12–17 (Teen) | 1(Ref) | |||
| 18–35 (Young adults) | 0.95(0.19–4.84) | 0.951 | ||
| 36–55 (Middle aged adults) | 1.20(0.66–2.17) | 0.552 | ||
| >56 (Older) | ||||
| Education level of the parents/guardians | 1(Ref) | |||
| Never attended school | 0.80(0.27–2.32) | 0.679 | ||
| Primary school | 0.82(0.20–2.23) | 0.693 | ||
| Secondary school | 0.94(0.38–3.45) | 0.714 | ||
| Post-secondary training | ||||
| Marital status of the parents/guardians | ||||
| Married | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | ||
| Single | 7.03(0.43–10.65) | 0.172 | 12.18(0.20–17.29) | 0.231 |
| Divorced | 3.30(0.20–11.90) | 0.405 | 10.77(0.17–16.82) | 0.261 |
| Cohabiting | 1.67(0.10–9.06) | 0.729 | 7.17(0.10–14.92) | 0.362 |
| Occupation of the parents/guardians | ||||
| Housewife | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | ||
| Peasant | 2.22(0.52–9.51) | 0.282 | 1.20(0.17–8.39) | 0.851 |
| Petty business | 1.67(0.71–3.91) | 0.240 | 1.30(0.32–5.31) | 0.716 |
| Residency (years) of the parents/guardians | ||||
| ≤ 11 | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | ||
| 12–17 | 1.49(0.60–3.68) | 0.391 | 1.46(0.39–5.44) | 0.578 |
| 18–35 | 0.95(0.27–3.30) | 0.930 | 1.01(0.22–4.58) | 0.992 |
| 36–55 | 1.60(0.83–3.10) | 0.163 | 2.29(0.98–5.36) | 0.046 |
| Wards of the residency | ||||
| Longa | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | ||
| Nyengedi | 0.11(0.05–0.236) | 0.000* | 0.07(0.01–0.33) | 0.001* |
| Nyangamara | 0.95(0.39–2.296) | 0.906 | 0.41(0.10–2.01) | 0.270 |
| Level of knowledge | ||||
| Low level | 1(Ref) | |||
| Moderate level | 4.0(1.68–9.70) | 0.002* | 0.80(0.20–2.9) | 0.687 |
| High level | 2.5(1.20–5.24) | 0.013* | 1.22(0.42–3.6) | 0.711 |
| Classification of attitudes | ||||
| Positive attitudes | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | ||
| Negative attitudes | 1.70(0.10–3.18) | 0.042* | 1.44(0.65–3.18) | 0.365 |
| Classification of practices | ||||
| Appropriate practices | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | ||
| Inappropriate practices | 1.57(0.86–2.90) | 0.138 | 1.50(0.63–3.61) | 0.362 |
| Visit water bodies | ||||
| Yes | 1.49(1.20–1.50) | 0.002* | 1.44(1.13–1.74) | 0.034* |
| No | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | ||
| Type of water body visited | ||||
| River, irrigation scheme and pond | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | ||
| Dam | 0.98(0.19–5.10) | 0.979 | 1.75(0.13–23.89) | 0.675 |
| Irrigation scheme | 0.10(0.01–0.85) | 0.035* | 1.92(0.09–41.24) | 0.678 |
| River | 0.45(0.19–1.30) | 0.041* | 6.00(1.20–35.12) | 0.043* |
| Spring | 0.31(0.10–1.83) | 0.196 | 3.45(0.24–49.31) | 0.362 |
| Pond | 0.40(0.12–0.85) | 0.125 | 1.28(0.13–13.00) | 0.835 |
| Carries the child when going to water sources | ||||
| Yes | 1(Ref) | |||
| No | 0.85(0.10–8.00) | 0.888 | ||
| Sometimes | 1.90(0.10–10.84) | 0.942 | ||
| Children playing in water | ||||
| Yes | 1.1(0.45–2.9) | 0.785 | ||
| No | 1(Ref) | |||
| Children urinating in water when playing | ||||
| Yes | 1(Ref) | |||
| No | 0.42(0.10–1.90) | 0.261 | ||
| Sometimes | 0.57(0.11–2.80) | 0.487 | ||
| Place of urination when at water bodies | ||||
| I go back home | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | ||
| In a nearby bush | 0.65(0.17–3.00) | 0.585 | 0.62(0.06–6.55) | 0.693 |
| In the water source | 0.35(0.10–1.82) | 0.211 | 0.53(0.04–6.33) | 0.615 |
| Source of water for bathing the child | ||||
| Tap | 1(Ref) | |||
| River | 0.76(0.39–1.47) | 0.407 | ||
| Dam | 2.00(0.43–9.24) | 0.379 | ||
| Irrigation scheme | 0.80(0.10–8.67) | 0.856 | ||
| Protected well | 2.04(0.42–9.94) | 0.376 | ||
| Boiling water for bathing the child | ||||
| Sometimes | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) | ||
| Yes | 0.63(0.28–1.43) | 0.268 | 0.70(0.26–1.82) | 0.460 |
| No | 0.18(0.10–0.45) | 0.000* | 0.29(0.10–0.79) | 0.001 |
aCOR Stands for Crude Odds Ratios,
bAOR Stands for Adjusted Odds Ratios,
*Statistically significant (p < 0.05)