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| Materials | Detection limit | Real samples | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZnO–g-C3N4/MoS2 | 1.9 nM | Tap/well/pond water | Present work |
| MnO2 | 0.8 μM | Pool/river water | 23 |
| Graphene–gold nanocomposite | 16 nM | Tap/well/river water | 38 |
| CoS-p-rGO | 14.23 nM | Tap/well/pond/river water | 39 |
| Silver nanoparticles | 2.73 nM | Tap/lake/drinking water | 40 |
| Gold NPs | 8 nM | Pond water | 41 |
| Carbon nanodots | 23 nM | River water | 42 |
