Results of XPS analysis combining the chemical state of elements present on the surface of the Ti₃C₂ MXene.

Name	Peak BE	At%	SF	Peak BE (−0.9 eV)	Chemical bonds
Ti 2p3	460.3	3.6	5.22	459.4	Ti–O (TiO2)
Ti 2p3	454.8	2.2	5.22	453.9	Ti–C
Ti 2p3	455.8	5.3	5.22	454.9	Ti–O
Ti 2p3	457.3	4.5	5.22	456.4	Ti–O (amorphous TiO2)
C 1s	285.0	33.6	1	284.1	C–C
C 1s	281.8	9.0	1	280.9	Ti–C
C 1s	286.6	6.4	1	285.7	C–O
C 1s	288.9	2.4	1	288.0	C O (O C–OH)
O 1s	533.8	5.3	2.93	532.9	C–O
O 1s	531.9	6.2	2.93	531.0	Ti–O
O 1s	530.5	4.6	2.93	529.6	C O
O 1s	535.7	1.1	2.93	534.8	—
F 1s	685.4	9.5	4.43	684.5	Al–F (AlF3)
F 1s	687.3	2.9	4.43	686.4	Al–F (AlF3)
F 1s	689.4	0.7	4.43	688.5	C–F
Al 2p	76.3	1.7	0.537	75.4	Al–F (AlF3)
Al 2p	78.4	0.6	0.537	77.5	Al–F (AlF3)
Al 2p	73.8	0.7	0.537	72.9	Al–O (Al2O3)