Force on the PS beads in the microfluids applied with an AC electric field.
| Force | Electric field | Scale of PS beads | Formula | No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEP | 10 kHz to 10 MHz | Micro/nano | F DEP = 2πrp3εmRe[K(ω)]∇E2 | (1) |
| ||||
| Stokes' drag | High flow rates | Micro/nano | F Drag = 6πcηrp(νm − νp) | (2) |
| Gravity and buoyancy | Unlimited | Unlimited |
|
(3) |
| ACEO | AC (0–100 kHz) | Micro |
|
(4) |
| EP | High (DC or AC in low frequency) | Charged | F EP = qE | (5) |
| Brownian | Low | Nano |
|
(6) |
| Interaction | 10 kHz to 10 MHz | — | F chain = −CbπεmRe[K(ω)]2rp2E2 | (7) |