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. 2022 Apr 28;15:437–468. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S215997

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© 2022 Niedbała et al.

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The most prominent immunotherapeutic strategies for glioblastoma. (A) The mechanism of immune checkpoint inhibition. (B) The CAR-T therapy from the creation of CAR-T cells to the direct anti-tumour effects. (C) Two different vaccination strategies for glioblastoma: tumour-associated antigen peptide vaccination, autologous dendritic cell transfer following the exposure to tumour lysate. (D) Oncolytic viral therapy mechanisms from oncolysis to alterations of tumour microenvironment. Created with BioRender.com.

Abbreviations: PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4; IDO1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; LAG-3, lymphocyte activation gene 3; TIM-3, T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3; TCR, T cell receptor; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cell; IL-12, interleukin 12; IFNγ, interferon gamma; IL-2, interleukin 2; TNF, tumour necrosis factor alpha; DC, dendritic cell; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern; DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern; TME, tumour microenvironment.