Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of study population.
| Characteristics | Deceased (N = 915) | Recovered (N = 2540) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 66.27 ± 18.15 | 53.18 ± 21.59 | <0.001a |
| Gender (male) | 507 (55.4%) | 1372 (54%) | 0.511b |
| Vital signs | |||
| Temperature (°C) | 37.94 ± 15.68 | 37.42 ± 9.80 | 0.25a |
| MAP (mmHg) | 98.13 ± 25.44 | 95.85 ± 16.09 | 0.012a |
| Pulse rate (beats/min) | 96.72 ± 26.54 | 94.85 ± 23.24 | 0.06a |
| Respiratory rate (per min) | 20.27 ± 10.73 | 17.71 ± 5.49 | <0.001a |
| UO | 1624.9 ± 833.2 | 1727 ± 880.3 | 0.002a |
| Oxygenation | |||
| FiO2 (%) | 24.31 ± 10.73 | 22.01 ± 7.96 | <0.001a |
| O2 saturation | 94.4 ± 3.30 | 96.8 ± 1.64 | <0.001a |
| MV | 77 (8.41%) | 29 (1.14%) | <0.001b |
| Level of consciousness | |||
| Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) | 8.68 ± 3.74 | 11.43 ± 3.32 | <0.001a |
| AVPU | |||
| (i) Alert | 120 (13%) | 979 (39%) | <0.001c |
| (ii) Voice responsive | 174 (19%) | 532 (21%) | |
| (iii) Pain responsive | 248 (27%) | 637 (25%) | |
| (iv) Unconscious | 373 (41%) | 392 (15%) | |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| Urea (mg/dL) | 80.13 ± 71.32 | 70.02 ± 71.11 | <0.001a |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.17 ± 1.53 | 1.20 ± 1.10 | <0.001a |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 139.9 ± 7.78 | 139.7 ± 20.44 | 0.78a |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.17 ± 0.83 | 4.08 ± 0.65 | 0.004a |
| Bilirubin (gr/dL) | 1.15 ± 1 | 1.03 ± 0.84 | 0.002a |
| White blood cell (∗109/L) | 12.55 ± 6.37 | 11.99 ± 5.83 | 0.022a |
| Platelet (∗109/L) | 212.45 ± 121.9 | 235.36 ± 103.84 | <0.001a |
| Hematocrit (gr/dL) | 33.96 ± 7.31 | 34.84 ± 6.51 | 0.002a |
| PH | 7.25 ± 0.44 | 7.32 ± 0.31 | <0.001a |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 453.7 ± 147.67 | 470.7 ± 137.2 | 0.002 |
| PaO2 | 104.46 ± 35.6 | 101 ± 30.5 | 0.009 |
| HCO3 | 24.14 ± 8.31 | 26.27 ± 7.67 | <0.001a |
| Comorbidities and other conditions | |||
| DM | 114 (12.4%) | 42 (1.7%) | <0.001 |
| Addiction | 23 (2.51%) | 14 (0.55%) | <0.001b |
| Metastatic cancer | 19 (2.07%) | 14 (0.55%) | <0.001b |
| ED risk scores | |||
| WPS | 3.39 ± 1.80 | 1.96 ± 1.41 | <0.001a |
| REMS | 8.46 ± 3.17 | 5.30 ± 3.09 | <0.001a |
| MEWS | 4.86 ± 2.50 | 3.33 ± 2.08 | <0.001a |
| APACHE II | 27.02 ± 6.34 | 19.50 ± 5.69 | <0.001a |
| SAPS II | 48.06 ± 14.33 | 34.53 ± 12.12 | <0.001a |
| SOFA | 5 ± 2.47 | 2.53 ± 2.01 | <0.001a |
Values are presented as mean ± SD or N (%). Abbreviations: ESI: Emergency Severity Index; FiO2: fraction of inspired oxygen; PCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; HCO3: bicarbonate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; MV: mechanical ventilation; WPS: Worthing Physiological Score; REMS: Rapid Emergency Medicine Score; MEWS: Modified Early Warning Score; APACHE: Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation (version II and IV); SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score (version II); SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. aAnalysis by independent-samples t-test. bAnalysis by Fisher's exact test. cAnalysis by Chi-square test.