Table 1.
Results of the literature review (part one).
| Robalino Gonzaga et al. [15] | Alamos et al. [16] | de la Vega et al. [17] | Campodónico et al. [18] | Agüero-González et al. [19] | Roy et al. [20] | Kumachev et al. [21] | Li et al.[22] | Aquila et al. [23] | Pogorzelska et al. [24] | Leban et al. [25] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | M | M | F |
| Age | 62 | 41 | 33 | 41 | 33 | 32 | 24 | 42 | 34 | 44 | |
| Weight | 88 | Overweight | 72 | ||||||||
| Comorbidity | Depression, alcohol, and nicotine dependence | Depression | None | Hypothyroidism, personality disorder | None | None | Moderate coronary atheroma, left ventricular hypertrophy | Previous consumption of alcohol and cannabis | None | ||
| Onset of symptoms after administration | Few minutes | 12 h | 6 h | 1 h | 30 min | 3 h | |||||
| Site of administration | Skin (ointment) | Leg | Shoulder | arm | leg | Arm and heel | Ankle | arm | Abdomen-back | Shoulder | |
| Water intake after administration | 6 litres | 3,5 litres | 4 litres | ||||||||
| Type of consumer | Occasional | Chronic | Occasional | Occasional | chronic | Cronic | chronic | Occasional | |||
| Identification of the substance at toxicological screening | No | No | No | No | yes | No | |||||
| Toxicological findings | +BDZ | + cannabinoids | + cannabinoids | + deltorphin A | |||||||
| Tachycardia | Yes | yes | No | No | yes | ||||||
| Heart rate | 110 bpm | 60 | 82 | 90 | |||||||
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | 110/74 | 92/55 | 112/85 | 160/100 | |||||||
| Respiratory rate (min) | 14 | 26 | 20 | ||||||||
| O2 saturation | 96 | 100 | |||||||||
| Temperature | Yes | ||||||||||
| Dyspnea | Yes | Yes | |||||||||
| Nausea | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | ||||
| Abdominal discomfort | yes | yes | yes | ||||||||
| Results of the literature review (part two) | |||||||||||
| Vomit | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Diarrhea | Yes | ||||||||||
| Muscle ailments | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Rhabdomyolysis | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
| Psychiatric disorders | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Epilepsy | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Muscle markers | Elevate | Elevate | Elevate | Elevate | Elevate | ||||||
| Transaminases | Elevate | Elevate | Elevate | Elevate | |||||||
| Leukocytosis | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
| Lactic acidosis | Yes | Yes | |||||||||
| pH | 7.52 | 7.38 | |||||||||
| LDH | Elevate | ||||||||||
| Amylase | Normal | ||||||||||
| Lipase | Normal | ||||||||||
| Natremia | Reduced | Reduced | Reduced | ||||||||
| Kaliemia | Reduced | Reduced | Reduced | ||||||||
| Magnesemia | Reduced | ||||||||||
| Phosphatemia | Reduced | ||||||||||
| Number of platelets | Reduced | ||||||||||
| CT / MRI investigation | Pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and pleural effusions | Normal brain imaging | Normal brain imaging | Normal brain imaging | No evidence of abnormalities on brain imaging (CT) | ||||||
| EEG | Normal | Altered | Altered | ||||||||
| EMG | Altered | ||||||||||
| Related pathology | Rupture of gullet from severe vomiting | Acute renal failure | Dermatomyosis | Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH) | Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH) | Psychosis | Acute gastrointestinal poisoning | Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH) | Death secondary to acute heart failure | Toxic hepatitis | Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH) |
| Duration of symptoms | 7 days | 3 months | 7 days | 5 days | 9 days | 1 h | 1 day | 10 days | Three days | ||
| Therapy | Surgical intervention | Mechanical ventilation, Valproic acid, Hydration | Prednisone | Dexmedetomidine, Sodium bicarbonate, Reduction in water intake | Midazolam, Calcium Gluconate, Magnesium Sulphate, Potassium Chloride, Dexmedetomidine | Risperidone | Ondansetron, Ketorolac, Naloxone | Haloperidol, diphenhydramine, Lorazepam | Lactulose, Silymarin, Ornithine | Diazepam, Sodium chloride 0.9%, Water restriction | |